Isotherms of an ideal gas for different temperatures. The curved lines are rectangular hyperbolae of the form y = a/x. They represent the relationship between pressure (on the vertical axis) and volume (on the horizontal axis) for an ideal gas at different temperatures: lines that are farther away from the origin (that is, lines that are nearer to the top right-hand corner of the diagram) correspond to higher temperatures.
The ideal gas law, also called the general gas equation, is the equation of state of a hypothetical ideal gas. It is a good approximation of the behavior of many gases under many conditions, although it has several limitations. It was first stated by Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron in 1834 as a combination of the empirical Boyle's law, Charles's law, Avogadro's law, and Gay-Lussac's law.[1] The ideal gas law is often written in an empirical form:
where , and are the pressure, volume and temperature respectively; is the amount of substance; and is the ideal gas constant.
It can also be derived from the microscopic kinetic theory, as was achieved (apparently independently) by August Krönig in 1856[2] and Rudolf Clausius in 1857.[3]
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Clapeyron, E. (1835). "Mémoire sur la puissance motrice de la chaleur". Journal de l'École Polytechnique (in French). XIV: 153–90. Facsimile at the Bibliothèque nationale de France (pp. 153–90).
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Krönig, A. (1856). "Grundzüge einer Theorie der Gase". Annalen der Physik und Chemie (in German). 99 (10): 315–22. Bibcode:1856AnP...175..315K. doi:10.1002/andp.18561751008. Facsimile at the Bibliothèque nationale de France (pp. 315–22).
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Clausius, R. (1857). "Ueber die Art der Bewegung, welche wir Wärme nennen". Annalen der Physik und Chemie (in German). 176 (3): 353–79. Bibcode:1857AnP...176..353C. doi:10.1002/andp.18571760302. Facsimile at the Bibliothèque nationale de France (pp. 353–79).
The idealgaslaw, also called the general gas equation, is the equation of state of a hypothetical idealgas. It is a good approximation of the behavior...
The molar gas constant (also known as the gas constant, universal gas constant, or idealgas constant) is denoted by the symbol R or R. It is the molar...
interactions. The ideal gas concept is useful because it obeys the idealgaslaw, a simplified equation of state, and is amenable to analysis under statistical...
The laws describing the behaviour of gases under fixed pressure, volume and absolute temperature conditions are called GasLaws. The basic gaslaws were...
densities of gases and liquids to temperatures and pressures, known as the idealgaslaw, which is roughly accurate for weakly polar gases at low pressures...
temperature in gases. This theory also explains the idealgaslaw and the observed heat capacity of monatomic (or 'noble') gases. The idealgaslaw is based...
no matter how complicated. It can be used to derive the idealgaslaw, and the Dulong–Petit law for the specific heat capacities of solids. The equipartition...
compressed gas in the engine cylinder as well, using the idealgaslaw, PV = nRT (n is amount of gas in moles and R the gas constant for that gas). Our initial...
pressure of an idealgas mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of the gases in the mixture (Dalton's Law). The partial pressure of a gas is a measure...
n is the number of moles of the present gas and R is the idealgas constant. In other words, the idealgaslaw pV = nRT applies. Therefore: p = n R T V...
{\displaystyle n=+\infty } for an isochoric process. In addition, when the idealgaslaw applies: n = 1 {\displaystyle n=1} for an isothermal process, n = γ...
Real gases are nonideal gases whose molecules occupy space and have interactions; consequently, they do not adhere to the idealgaslaw. To understand...
perfect gas models are idealgas models in the sense that they all follow the idealgas equation of state. However, the idea of a perfect gas model is...
W=-p\Delta V\,} . Applying the idealgaslaw, this becomes W = − n R Δ T {\displaystyle W=-n\,R\,\Delta T} with R representing the gas constant, and n representing...
kelvin) and energy (with unit joule). Macroscopically, the idealgaslaw states that, for an idealgas, the product of pressure p and volume V is proportional...
or molecules of the gas. The basic version of the model describes an idealgas. It treats the collisions as perfectly elastic and as the only interaction...
der Waals, is an equation of state that extends the idealgaslaw to include the non-zero size of gas molecules and the interactions between them (both...
appear as a straight horizontal line. If an idealgas is used in an isochoric process, and the quantity of gas stays constant, then the increase in energy...
and volume and can be assumed to be idealgases. For gases, the volume ratio is ideally the same by the idealgaslaw, but the mass ratio of a single reaction...
an idealgas at the same temperature and pressure. It is a useful thermodynamic property for modifying the idealgaslaw to account for the real gas behaviour...
calibrate other systems. Such systems are known as "idealgas thermometers". In a sense, focused on the zeroth law, there is only one kind of diathermal wall or...
Thermodynamic instruments Boyle's law Combined gas law Gay-Lussac's law Avogadro's lawIdealgaslaw "American Meteorological Society". Fullick, P. (1994), Physics...
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