Ideology of Ruhollah Khomeini and the Islamic Republic of Iran
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Abul Hasan Nadwi
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Khomeinism (also transliterated Khumaynism) refers to the religious and political ideas of the leader of the 1979 Iranian Islamic Revolution, Ruhollah Khomeini. Khomeinism may also refer to the ideology of the clerical class which has ruled Islamic Republic of Iran founded by Khomeini, following his death. It can also be used to refer to the "radicalization" (according to some) of segments of the Twelver Shia populations of Iran, Iraq, and Lebanon, and the Iranian government's "recruitment" of Shia minorities in Afghanistan,[1] Pakistan,[2] Saudi Arabia[3] and Africa.[4] The word Khomeinist and Khomeinists, derived from Khomeinism, can also be used to describe members of Iran's clerical rulers and attempt to differentiate them from "regular" (non-Wilayat ul-Faqih supporting) Shia Muslim clerics.
Under Khomeini's leadership, Iran replaced its millennia-old monarchy with a theocratic republic. Khomeini brought about a major paradigm shift in Shia Islam. He declared that Islamic jurists are the true holders of religious and political authority, who must be obeyed as "an expression of obedience to God",[5] and whose rule has "precedence over all secondary ordinances in Islam such as prayer, fasting, and pilgrimage."[6] Khomeini's doctrines would make a major influence on the landscape of Shia Islam; which traditionally upheld political quietism over a thousand years. Another significant revision was on Mahdism, the messianic belief in the reappearance of their Twelfth Imam and the proper way to wait for Him. Traditional Twelver theologians urged believers to wait patiently for his return, but Khomeini and his followers called upon Shia Muslims to actively pave the way for Mahdi's global Islamic rule.[7]
Since his death, politics in the legal sphere of the Islamic Republic of Iran has been "largely defined by attempts to claim Khomeini's legacy", according to at least one scholar, and "staying faithful to his ideology has been the litmus test for all political activity" there.[8]
According to Vali Nasr, outside Iran, Khomeini's influence has been found among the large Shia populations of Iraq and Lebanon. In the non-Muslim world, Khomeini had an impact on the West and even Western popular culture where it is said he became "the virtual face of Islam" who "inculcated fear and distrust towards Islam."[9]
^Emadi, Hafizullah (6 December 2006). "Exporting Iran's revolution: the radicalization of the Shiite movement in Afghanistan". Middle Eastern Studies Journal. Vol. 31. pp. 1–12. doi:10.1080/00263209508701037. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
^Alex Vatanka, Influence of iranian revolution in Pakistan: Security, Diplomacy Islamist Influence, I.B.Tauris (1989), pp. 148 & 155
^Al-Rebh, Dr. Abdullah F. (29 March 2021). "Radical Shiism and Iranian Influence in Saudi Arabia". European Eye on Radicalization. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
^Citrinowicz, Danny (16 June 2021). "Hezbollah and Iran's Radicalization Efforts in Africa". European Eye on Radicalization. Retrieved 18 June 2021.
^Islamic Government Islam and Revolution I, Writings and declarations of Imam Khomeini, 1981, p.91
^Hamid Algar, `Development of the Concept of velayat-i faqih since the Islamic Revolution in Iran,` paper presented at London Conference on wilayat al-faqih, in June, 1988] [p.135-8]. Also Ressalat, Tehran, 7 January 1988, online http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/khomeini_promises_kept.html#Laws_in_Islam
^Golkar, Aarabi; Saeid, Kasra (3 May 2022). "Iran's Revolutionary Guard and the Rising Cult of Mahdism: Missiles and Militias for the Apocalypse". Middle East Institute. Archived from the original on 1 June 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
^The New Republic
"Khamenei vs. Khomeini" by Ali Reza Eshraghi, August 20, 2009, tnr.com dead link Archived 2009-08-21 at the Wayback Machine quotation from article Archived 2011-10-08 at the Wayback Machine accessed 9-June-2010
the 1979 Iranian Revolution. "Khomeinism" was perhaps first used as the title of a book by Ervand Abrahamian (Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic...
Khomeini and his ideology, is entitled Khomeinism. The book consisted of five essays. He argued that Khomeinism is "best understood as a populist movement...
semi-desert one. Winters are cold and summers are moderate. The name of Khomein was primarily mentioned in a book named The History of Prophets and Kings...
The Wahhabi movement started as a revivalist and reform movement in the Arabian Peninsula during the early 18th century, whose adherents described themselves...
History Culture Economics Politics Secularism Ideologies Islamism Qutbism Khomeinism Salafi movement International propagation by country/region Shia Islamism...
al-Asrar Biography portal Iran portal Politics portal Shia Islam portal Khomeinism Political thought and legacy of Ruhollah Khomeini Islamic Government (book...
History Culture Economics Politics Secularism Ideologies Islamism Qutbism Khomeinism Salafi movement International propagation by country/region Shia Islamism...
number of different religious and ideological influences, including by Khomeinism and revolutionary Sunni Islamist movements such as the Muslim Brotherhood...
History Culture Economics Politics Secularism Ideologies Islamism Qutbism Khomeinism Salafi movement International propagation by country/region Shia Islamism...
several locations around the world. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Khomein County. Iran portal OpenStreetMap contributors (22 March 2024). "Khomeyn...
Algar. Berkeley: Mizan Press. 1980. p. 66. Abrahamian, Khomeinism, pp. 34–5 Abrahamian, Khomeinism, p. 33 Abrahamian, p. 34 Roy, The Failure of Political...
Associated group Liwa Fatemiyoun Ideology Afghan Shiite minority rights Shia Islamism Khomeinism Party flag Politics of Afghanistan Political parties Elections...
organization. It inspired Ruhollah Khomeini to create a variety of Qutbism, Khomeinism. Qutbist literature has been a major source of influence on numerous Jihadist...
Two Revolutions, Princeton University Press, 1982, p. 84 Abrahamian, Khomeinism, 1993: p. 92 Arash Khazeni, Tribes & empire on the margins of nineteenth-century...
History Culture Economics Politics Secularism Ideologies Islamism Qutbism Khomeinism Salafi movement International propagation by country/region Shia Islamism...