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In political science, a political ideology is a certain set of ethical ideals, principles, doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement, institution, class or large group that explains how society should work and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some political parties follow a certain ideology very closely while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them. An ideology's popularity is partly due to the influence of moral entrepreneurs, who sometimes act in their own interests. Political ideologies have two dimensions: (1) goals: how society should be organized; and (2) methods: the most appropriate way to achieve this goal.
An ideology is a collection of ideas. Typically, each ideology contains certain ideas on what it considers to be the best form of government (e.g. autocracy or democracy) and the best economic system (e.g. capitalism or socialism). The same word is sometimes used to identify both an ideology and one of its main ideas. For instance, socialism may refer to an economic system, or it may refer to an ideology that supports that economic system. The same term may also refer to multiple ideologies, which is why political scientists try to find consensus definitions for these terms. For example, while the terms have been conflated at times, communism has come in common parlance and in academics to refer to Soviet-type regimes and Marxist–Leninist ideologies, whereas socialism has come to refer to a wider range of differing ideologies which are most often distinct from Marxism–Leninism.[1]
Political ideology is a term fraught with problems, having been called "the most elusive concept in the whole of social science".[2] While ideologies tend to identify themselves by their position on the political spectrum (such as the left, the centre or the right), they can be distinguished from political strategies (e.g. populism as it is commonly defined) and from single issues around which a party may be built (e.g. civil libertarianism and support or opposition to European integration), although either of these may or may not be central to a particular ideology. Several studies show that political ideology is heritable within families.[3][4][5][6][7]
The following list is strictly alphabetical and attempts to divide the ideologies found in practical political life into several groups, with each group containing ideologies that are related to each other. The headers refer to the names of the best-known ideologies in each group. The names of the headers do not necessarily imply some hierarchical order or that one ideology evolved out of the other. Instead, they are merely noting that the ideologies in question are practically, historically, and ideologically related to each other. As such, one ideology can belong to several groups and there is sometimes considerable overlap between related ideologies. The meaning of a political label can also differ between countries and political parties often subscribe to a combination of ideologies.
^Roberts, Andrew (2004). The State of Socialism: A Note on Terminology. Cambridge University Press. 63 (2). 349–366.
^D. McLellan, Ideology, University of Minnesota Press, 1986, p. 1.
^Bouchard, T. J.; McGue, M. (2003). "Genetic and environmental influences on human psychological differences". Journal of Neurobiology. 54 (1). 44–45.
^Eaves, L. J.; Eysenck, H. J. (1974). "Genetics and the development of social attitudes". Nature. 249, 288–289.
^Hatemi, P. K.; Medland, S. E.; Morley, K. I.; Heath, A. C.; Martin, N. G. (2007). "The genetics of voting: An Australian twin study". Behavior Genetics. 37 (3). 435–448.
^Hatemi, P. K.; Hibbing, J.; Alford, J.; Martin, N.; Eaves, L. (2009). "Is there a 'party' in your genes?". Political Research Quarterly. 62 (3). 584–600.
^Settle, J. E.; Dawes, C. T.; Fowler, J. H. (2009). "The heritability of partisan attachment". Political Research Quarterly. 62 (3). 601–613.
and 28 Related for: List of political ideologies information
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methods for the classification ofpoliticalideologies. Ideologies can identify themselves by their position on the political spectrum (e.g. left, center...
American politicalideologies conventionally align with the left–right political spectrum, with most Americans identifying as conservative, liberal, or...
multiple ideologies. Communist ideologies notable enough in the history of communism include philosophical, social, political and economic ideologies and movements...
and discursive practices. Like other kinds ofideologies, language ideologies are influenced by political and moral interests, and they are shaped in...
country ListofpoliticalideologiesListof populists Category:Political party disambiguation pages This article includes a politics-related listof lists...
to an element of the status quo, and are often associated with a certain ideology. Some theories ofpolitical movements are the political opportunity theory...
different from them. Lists of political parties List of politicalideologies The definition of "membership" varies widely from nation to nation, which...
partial listof symbols and labels used by political parties and groups around the world. Some symbols are associated with a worldwide ideology or movement...
Commission of India (ECI) accords to national-level and state-level political parties based upon objective criteria. A recognised political party enjoys...
Political colours are colours used to represent a politicalideology, movement or party, either officially or unofficially. They represent the intersection...
Christianity and politics Judaism and politicsPolitical aspects of Islam Listofpoliticalideologies § Religious ideologies Religion and politics in the United...
examples outside of speculation and scholarly debate. Listof countries by system of government ListofpoliticalideologiesListofpolitical systems in France...
politics, or spectral-syncretic politics, combine elements from across the conventional left–right political spectrum. The idea of syncretic politics...
and within political parties, and the formation of a numerous splinter groups. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, two main pre-poll political alliances...
This is a listofpolitical parties professing to follow Hindu nationalist ideology. There are not declared Hindu nationalist party in present. Bangali...
The following is a listofpolitical parties in Iraq. Iraq is a multi-party state. Political parties are commonly grouped by ideology/ethnic affiliation...
to political parties. Political parties in the United States Listof frivolous political parties Listof ruling political parties by country Listof political...
policies is split across a broad ideological divide. This leads to a conflation ofpolitical parties and ideologies (i.e., Democrat and Republican become...
Punk ideologies are a group of varied social and political beliefs associated with the punk subculture and punk rock. It is primarily concerned with concepts...
system is dominant in each country. A political party is a political organization subscribing to a certain ideology or formed around special issues with...
law, including the Registration ofPolitical Parties Act 1998, the Electoral Administration Act 2006, and the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums...
directory to lists ofpolitical parties worldwide, organized by their respective regions. Each linked page contains a table listing sub-pages for countries...
Queensland Politicsof Western Australia Political donations in Australia Political families of Australia Proportional Representation Society of Australia...
variety of methods are deployed in politics, which include promoting one's own political views among people, negotiation with other political subjects...
This article lists political parties in Iran. Main active parties Other parties Main active parties Other parties Banned parties All monarchist organizations...