1909 Iranian uprising against monarch Mohammad Ali Shah
This article is about the 1905–1911 Iranian revolution. For the revolution that took place in 1979, see Iranian Revolution. For the series of reforms launched in 1963, see White Revolution. For similarly named revolutions, see Constitutional Revolution.
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Persian Constitutional Revolution
Part of constitutionalization attempts in Iran
Royal proclamation by Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar which established the constitutional monarchy on August 5, 1906
Date
1905–1911
Location
Persia
Resulted in
Revolutionary victory
Persian Constitution of 1906 promulgated
Constitutional monarchy and Parliament instituted
Triumph of Tehran
Parties
Revolution: June 1905 – August 1906
Secret Center[1]
Social Democratic Party[1]
Society of Humanity[1]
Revolutionary Committee[1]
Secret Society[1]
Semi-organized groups:
Ulama and seminary students[2]
Committee of Merchants[3]
Committee of Guild Elders[4]
Students of Dar ul-Funun, School of Political Science and School of Agriculture[4]
Qajar dynasty
Nazmiyeh[2]
Cossack Brigade[2]
Civil war: August 1906 – July 1909
Parliament
Tabriz Council[5]
Society of Azerbaijanis[6]
Central Society[7]
Dashnak[8]
Society of Guilds[6]
Society of College graduates[6]
Qajar dynasty
Cossack Brigade
Shahsevans[5]
Russian Empire[9]
Lead figures
Mohammad Tabatabai
Seyyed Abdollah Behbahani
Muhammad Hossein Naini
Haydar Khan
Sattar Khan (WIA)
Baqir Khan
Yeprem Khan
Ali-Qoli Khan
Najaf-Qoli Khan
Ali-Qoli Khan Bakhtiari
Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni
Mozafaredin Shah
Eyn-ed-Dowleh
Mohammad Ali Shah
Vladimir Liakhov
Rahim Khan
v
t
e
Persian Constitutional Revolution
Majlis Bombardment
1st Tabriz
Ana Khatun
Sari Dagh
Hokmavar
Shanb Ghazan
Rasht
Astarabad
2nd Tabriz
Isfahan
Tehran
Atabak Park
Associated articles
Russian Empire involvement
The Persian Constitutional Revolution (Persian: مشروطیت, romanized: Mashrūtiyyat, or انقلاب مشروطه[10]Enghelāb-e Mashrūteh), also known as the Constitutional Revolution of Iran, took place between 1905 and 1911[11] during the Qajar dynasty. The revolution led to the establishment of a parliament in Persia (Iran),[11][12] and has been called an "epoch-making episode in the modern history of Persia".[12]
The revolution was "the first of its kind in the Islamic world, earlier than the revolution of the Young Turks in 1908".[12] It opened the way for the modern era in Persia, and debate in a burgeoning press. Many groups fought to shape the course of the revolution. The old order, which Shah Naser al-Din Shah Qajar had struggled for so long to sustain, was finally replaced by new institutions.
Shah Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar signed the 1906 constitution shortly before his death. He was succeeded by Mohammad Ali Shah, who abolished the constitution and bombarded the parliament in 1908 with Russian and British support. This led to a second effort with constitutionalist forces marching to Tehran, forced Mohammad Ali Shah's abdication in favor of his young son Ahmad Shah Qajar, and re-established the constitution in 1909.
The revolution ended in December 1911 when the Shah's ministers oversaw the expulsion of the deputies of the Second Majlis from the parliament "with the support of 12,000 Russian troops".[13]
After the 1921 Persian coup d'état (Persian: کودتای ۳ اسفند ۱۲۹۹), Iran's parliament amended the constitution on December 12, 1925, replacing the 1797–1925 Qajar dynasty with the Pahlavi dynasty as the legitimate sovereigns of Iran.[14] The 1906–1907 constitution, though not adhered to, remained until
after the Islamic Revolution a new constitution was approved on 2 and 3 December 1979 establishing an Islamic Republic.[15]
^ abcdeAbrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. pp. 76–77. ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
^ abcAbrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. p. 83. ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
^Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. p. 81. ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
^ abAbrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. p. 84. ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
^ abAbrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. p. 97. ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
^ abcAbrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. p. 95. ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
^Abrahamian, Ervand (1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. p. 91. ISBN 0-691-10134-5.
^Berberian, Houri (2001). Armenians and the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1905–1911. Westview Press. pp. 116–117. ISBN 978-0-8133-3817-0.
^Jack A. Goldstone. The Encyclopedia of Political Revolutions Routledge, 2015 ISBN 1-135-93758-3 p. 245
^Tilmann J. Röder, "The Separation of Powers: Historical and Comparative Perspectives" in Rainer Grote and Tilmann J. Röder, Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries (Oxford University Press 2012), pp. 321–372. The article includes an English translation of the following documents: The Fundamental Law (Qanun-e Asasi-e Mashruteh) of the Iranian Empire of 14th Dhu-‘l-Qa’dah 1324 (December 30, 1906); The Amendment of the Fundamental Law of the Iranian Empire of 29th Sha’ban 1325 (October 7, 1907).
^Cite error: The named reference Mackey-1996-150 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^"Pahlavi Dynasty – Dictionary definition of Pahlavi Dynasty – Encyclopedia.com".
^Mahmood T. Davari (2004). The Political Thought of Ayatollah Murtaza Mutahhari: An Iranian Theoretician of the Islamic State. Routledge. p. 138. ISBN 978-1-134-29488-6.
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