Nuclides with atomic number of 64 but with different mass numbers
Isotopes of gadolinium (64Gd)
Main isotopes[1]
Decay
abundance
half-life (t1/2)
mode
product
148Gd
synth
86.9 y[2]
α
144Sm
150Gd
synth
1.79×106 y
α
146Sm
152Gd
0.2%
1.08×1014 y
α
148Sm
153Gd
synth
240.6 d
ε
153Eu
154Gd
2.18%
stable
155Gd
14.8%
stable
156Gd
20.5%
stable
157Gd
15.7%
stable
158Gd
24.8%
stable
160Gd
21.9%
stable
Standard atomic weight Ar°(Gd)
157.25±0.03[3]
157.25±0.03 (abridged)[4]
view
talk
edit
Naturally occurring gadolinium (64Gd) is composed of 6 stable isotopes, 154Gd, 155Gd, 156Gd, 157Gd, 158Gd and 160Gd, and 1 radioisotope, 152Gd, with 158Gd being the most abundant (24.84% natural abundance). The predicted double beta decay of 160Gd has never been observed; only a lower limit on its half-life of more than 1.3×1021 years has been set experimentally.[5]
Thirty-three radioisotopes have been characterized, with the most stable being alpha-decaying 152Gd (naturally occurring) with a half-life of 1.08×1014 years, and 150Gd with a half-life of 1.79×106 years. All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half-lives less than 100 years, the majority of these having half-lives less than 24.6 seconds. Gadolinium isotopes have 10 metastable isomers, with the most stable being 143mGd (t1/2 = 110 seconds), 145mGd (t1/2 = 85 seconds) and 141mGd (t1/2 = 24.5 seconds).
The primary decay mode at atomic weights lower than the most abundant stable isotope, 158Gd, is electron capture, and the primary mode at higher atomic weights is beta decay. The primary decay products for isotopes lighter than 158Gd are isotopes of europium and the primary products of heavier isotopes are isotopes of terbium.
^Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021). "The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
^Chiera, Nadine M.; Dressler, Rugard; Sprung, Peter; Talip, Zeynep; Schumann, Dorothea (2023). "Determination of the half-life of gadolinium-148". Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 194. Elsevier BV: 110708. doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110708. ISSN 0969-8043.
^Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^
F. A. Danevich; et al. (2001). "Quest for double beta decay of 160Gd and Ce isotopes". Nuclear Physics A. 694 (1–2): 375–391. arXiv:nucl-ex/0011020. Bibcode:2001NuPhA.694..375D. doi:10.1016/S0375-9474(01)00983-6. S2CID 11874988.
and 28 Related for: Isotopes of gadolinium information
Naturally occurring gadolinium (64Gd) is composed of 6 stable isotopes, 154Gd, 155Gd, 156Gd, 157Gd, 158Gd and 160Gd, and 1 radioisotope, 152Gd, with 158Gd...
occurring gadolinium is composed of six stable isotopes, 154Gd, 155Gd, 156Gd, 157Gd, 158Gd and 160Gd, and one radioisotope, 152Gd, with the isotope 158Gd...
153Eu are isotopes of samarium and the primary products after are isotopesofgadolinium. mEu – Excited nuclear isomer. ( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in...
decay products before 153Eu are isotopesof samarium (Sm) and the primary products after are isotopesofgadolinium (Gd). Europium is produced by nuclear...
elements, they are usually termed stable isotopes. The 80 elements with one or more stable isotopes comprise a total of 251 nuclides that have not been known...
159Tb are element Gd (gadolinium) isotopes, and the primary products after 159Tb are element Dy (dysprosium) isotopes. mTb – Excited nuclear isomer. ( ) –...
11 have 5 stable isotopes, 9 have 4 stable isotopes, 5 have 3 stable isotopes, 16 have 2 stable isotopes, and 26 have 1 stable isotope. Additionally, about...
known as boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT). Use of another non-radioactive isotope, such as gadolinium, has been limited to experimental animal studies...
has isotopes that are not radioactive, these are termed "stable" isotopes. All of the known stable isotopes occur naturally (see primordial isotope). The...
many β− decays to beta-stable isotopesof higher-numbered elements. The absorption neutron cross section of an isotopeof a chemical element is the effective...
Curium isotopes are inevitably present in spent nuclear fuel (about 20 g/tonne). The isotopes 245Cm–248Cm have decay times of thousands of years and...
to undergo contrast-enhanced CT. Gadolinium-based contrast reagents are typically octadentate complexes ofgadolinium(III). The complex is very stable...
to form zirconium (Z = 40) isotopes. Isotopes with mass numbers at or above 97 are also known to have minor decay paths of β− delayed neutron emission...
is a chemical element; it has symbol Pm and atomic number 61. All of its isotopes are radioactive; it is extremely rare, with only about 500–600 grams...
expected to fall within the range of the island of stability, potentially conferring additional stability on some isotopes, especially 306Ubb which is expected...
Earth and they are synthetic. Of the elements with atomic numbers 1 to 92, most can be found in nature, having stable isotopes (such as oxygen) or very long-lived...
to power some spacecraft. Plutonium isotopes are expensive and inconvenient to separate, so particular isotopes are usually manufactured in specialized...
+3 oxidation state. The most stable of californium's twenty known isotopes is californium-251, with a half-life of 898 years. This short half-life means...
have to go through isotopes separation to remove the 115, 117 and 119 tin isotopes. Combined, these three isotopes make up about 17% of natural tin but represent...
in the decay chain of the primordial isotopes thorium-232, uranium-238, and uranium-235. Examples include the natural isotopesof polonium and radium...
aimed at a mixed-isotope californium target containing 249Cf, 250Cf, and 251Cf, with the aim of producing the heavier oganesson isotopes 295Og and 296Og...
half-lives exceeding the age of the universe for the heaviest isotopes like 335Ts when beta decay is not considered. Lighter isotopesof tennessine may be produced...
trace isotopes 237U and 239U exclusively undergo beta decay, with respective half-lives of 6.752 days and 23.45 minutes. In total, 28 isotopesof uranium...
days) and 47Ca (half-life 4.54 days). Isotopes lighter than 42Ca usually undergo beta plus decay to isotopesof potassium, and those heavier than 44Ca...
a second. The isotopesof titanium range in atomic weight from 39.002 u (39Ti) to 63.999 u (64Ti). The primary decay mode for isotopes lighter than 46Ti...
261 days). Isotopes lighter than gallium-69 usually decay through beta plus decay (positron emission) or electron capture to isotopesof zinc, although...
Should the synthesis of unbiunium isotopes in such a reaction be successful, the resulting nuclei would decay through isotopesof ununennium that could...
Global Information