Induan aged rock layers of the Mikin Formation (Lahaul and Spiti district, India)
Chronology
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Pz
Mesozoic
P
Triassic
J
Ear
Middle
Late
E J
Changhsing.
Olenekian
Induan
Anisian
Ladinian
Carnian
Norian
Rhaetian
Hettangian
←
Permian-Triassic extinction event
←
Smithian–Spathian boundary event[1]
←
Carnian pluvial episode
←
Full recovery of woody trees[2]
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Coals return[3]
←
Scleractinian corals & calcified sponges[4]
←
Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
←
Manicouagan impact
Subdivision of the Triassic according to the ICS, as of 2021.[5] Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.
Etymology
Name formality
Formal
Usage information
Celestial body
Earth
Regional usage
Global (ICS)
Time scale(s) used
ICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unit
Age
Stratigraphic unit
Stage
Time span formality
Formal
Lower boundary definition
FAD of the Conodont Hindeodus parvus
Lower boundary GSSP
Meishan, Zhejiang, China 31°04′47″N119°42′21″E / 31.0798°N 119.7058°E / 31.0798; 119.7058
Lower GSSP ratified
2001[6]
Upper boundary definition
Not formally defined
Upper boundary definition candidates
FAD of the Conodont Neospathodus waageni
Upper boundary GSSP candidate section(s)
Mud (Muth) village, Spiti valley, India[7]
The Induan is the first age of the Early Triassic epoch in the geologic timescale, or the lowest stage of the Lower Triassic series in chronostratigraphy. It spans the time between 251.9 Ma and 251.2 Ma (million years ago).[8] The Induan is sometimes divided into the Griesbachian and the Dienerian subages or substages.[9] The Induan is preceded by the Changhsingian (latest Permian) and is followed by the Olenekian.
The Induan is roughly coeval with the regional Feixianguanian Stage of China.
^Widmann, Philipp; Bucher, Hugo; Leu, Marc; et al. (2020). "Dynamics of the Largest Carbon Isotope Excursion During the Early Triassic Biotic Recovery". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8 (196): 196. Bibcode:2020FrEaS...8..196W. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00196.
^McElwain, J. C.; Punyasena, S. W. (2007). "Mass extinction events and the plant fossil record". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 22 (10): 548–557. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.003. PMID 17919771.
^
Retallack, G. J.; Veevers, J.; Morante, R. (1996). "Global coal gap between Permian–Triassic extinctions and middle Triassic recovery of peat forming plants". GSA Bulletin. 108 (2): 195–207. Bibcode:1996GSAB..108..195R. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0195:GCGBPT>2.3.CO;2. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
^Payne, J. L.; Lehrmann, D. J.; Wei, J.; Orchard, M. J.; Schrag, D. P.; Knoll, A. H. (2004). "Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle During Recovery from the End-Permian Extinction". Science. 305 (5683): 506–9. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..506P. doi:10.1126/science.1097023. PMID 15273391. S2CID 35498132.
^Ogg, James G.; Ogg, Gabi M.; Gradstein, Felix M. (2016). "Triassic". A Concise Geologic Time Scale: 2016. Elsevier. pp. 133–149. ISBN 978-0-444-63771-0.
^Hongfu, Yin; Kexin, Zhang; Jinnan, Tong; Zunyi, Yang; Shunbao, Wu (June 2001). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic Boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 24 (2): 102–114. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i2/004. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
^"Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point". International Commission of Stratigraphy. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
^"ICS - Chart/Time Scale". Archived from the original on 2014-05-30. Retrieved 2017-09-28.
^Cite error: The named reference Tozer1965 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
The Induan is the first age of the Early Triassic epoch in the geologic timescale, or the lowest stage of the Lower Triassic series in chronostratigraphy...
ago. It is preceded by the Wuchiapingian age/stage and is followed by the Induan age/stage (Early Triassic epoch). The greatest mass extinction in the Phanerozoic...
Permian-Triassic extinction event. Peak disparity in cynodonts occurred from the Induan to the Carnian and in the middle Norian. Post-Early Triassic cynodonts were...
are rare in the Lopingian (latest Permian), but regained dominance in the Induan (earliest Triassic), particularly Pleuromeia. After the worldwide Permian–Triassic...
Smithian and the Spathian subages or substages. The Olenekian follows the Induan and is followed by the Anisian (Middle Triassic). The Olenekian saw the...
Grasshoppers Temporal range: Induan–Holocene, 250–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N American grasshopper (Schistocerca americana) Scientific classification...
Triassic Epoch. The Early Triassic is divided into the Induan and Olenekian ages. The Induan is subdivided into the Griesbachian and Dienerian subages...
The earliest members of the genus are known from the earliest Triassic (Induan) of North China, with the genus becoming abundant and globally distributed...
Betsiaka in northern Madagascar, found an almost complete skeleton in the Induan Middle Sakamena Formation of the Sakamena Group. The animal must have fossilized...
Daye Formation is a geologic formation in South China, dating from the Induan up to the early Olenekian (early Triassic). It is of interest as it spans...
al. (2024) describe new proterosuchid material from the Lower Triassic (Induan) Panchet Formation (India), consider fossil material of "Teratosaurus" bengalensis...
Lystrosaurus, the latter being the most common and widespread herbivores of the Induan (earliest Triassic). None of these survived long into the Triassic. The...
shifted its course westwards following the 1819 Rann of Kutch earthquake. The Induan Age at the start of the Triassic Period of geological time is named for...
Panchet Formation of West Bengal, India. The formation has been dated to the Induan, the earliest stage of the Triassic period. It was classified in the Chasmatosuchinae...
China †B. mougeoti (Agassiz, 1844) - Induan to Olenekian of France and Svalbard †B. nielseni Lehman, 1948 - Induan of Madagascar †B. stensioei Aldinger...
°C. The Guiyang biota belongs to the late Dienerian, a subsection of the Induan period of early Triassic.The biostratigraphy evidenced by the Radioceras...
class Sarcopterygii. It lived in the Carboniferous and Early Triassic (Induan), and its fossils have been found in Europe, Madagascar and North America...
Utah, Wyoming). It preserves fossils dating back to the Triassic period (Induan stage). Earth sciences portal Paleontology portal List of fossiliferous...
Moira Formation (named from the Leicestershire village of Moira) is of Induan/Olenekian age. Also encountered as the Hopwas or Moira Breccia. The Lenton...
a geologic formation in Norway. It preserves fossils dating back to the Induan stage (early Early Triassic). Outcrops are known from the Hornsund area...
fish, cartilaginous fish) and temnospondyl amphibians, dating back to the Induan age. Following Surlyk et al., the Wordie Creek Group is subdivided into...
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