"Indus Valley" redirects here. For the Bronze Age civilisation, see Indus Valley Civilisation.
For other rivers named Indus, see Indus (disambiguation) § Rivers.
"Indus" and "Sindhu" redirect here. For other uses, see Indus (disambiguation) and Sindhu (disambiguation).
Indus
Sindhu, Mehran[1]
The Indus Gorge is formed as the Indus River bends around the Nanga Parbat massif, shown towering behind, defining the western anchor of the Himalayan mountain range.
The course and major tributaries of the Indus river
Location
Country
China, India, Pakistan (Sovereignty in the Kashmir region is disputed.)[2]
States or provinces
Tibet Autonomous Region, Ladakh, Gilgit-Baltistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, and Sindh
Cities
Leh, Kargil, Skardu, Dasu, Besham, Thakot, Swabi, Dera Ismail Khan, Mianwali, Bhakkar, Sukkur, Hyderabad, Karachi
Physical characteristics
Source
Lake Manasarovar[3]
• location
Tibetan Plateau
Source confluence
• location
Shiquanhe, Ngari Prefecture, Tibet Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
Zanskar River, Suru River, Soan River, Panjnad River, Ghaggar-Hakra River,
• right
Shyok River, Hunza River, Gilgit River, Swat River, Kunar River, Kabul River, Kurram River, Gomal River, Zhob River
The Indus (/ˈɪndəs/IN-dəs) is a transboundary river of Asia and a trans-Himalayan river of South and Central Asia.[7] The 3,120 km (1,940 mi)[4] river rises in mountain springs northeast of Mount Kailash in Western Tibet, flows northwest through the disputed region of Kashmir,[2] bends sharply to the left after the Nanga Parbat massif, and flows south-by-southwest through Pakistan, before emptying into the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi.[1][8]
The river has a total drainage area of circa 1,120,000 km2 (430,000 sq mi).[4] Its estimated annual flow is around 243 km3 (58 cu mi), making it one of the 50 largest rivers in the world in terms of average annual flow.[9] Its left-bank tributary in Ladakh is the Zanskar River, and its left-bank tributary in the plains is the Panjnad River which is formed by the successive confluences of the five Punjab rivers, namely the Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers. Its principal right-bank tributaries are the Shyok, Gilgit, Kabul, Kurram, and Gomal rivers. Beginning in a mountain spring and fed with glaciers and rivers in the Himalayan, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush ranges, the river supports the ecosystems of temperate forests, plains, and arid countryside.
The northern part of the Indus Valley, with its tributaries, forms the Punjab region of South Asia, while the lower course of the river ends in a large delta in the southern Sindh province of Pakistan. The river has historically been important to many cultures of the region. The 3rd millennium BC saw the rise of Indus Valley Civilisation, a major urban civilization of the Bronze Age. During the 2nd millennium BC, the Punjab region was mentioned in the Rigveda hymns as Sapta Sindhu and in the Avesta religious texts as Hapta Həndu (both terms meaning "seven rivers"). Early historical kingdoms that arose in the Indus Valley include Gandhāra, and the Ror dynasty of Sauvīra. The Indus River came into the knowledge of the Western world early in the classical period, when King Darius of Persia sent his Greek subject Scylax of Caryanda to explore the river, c. 515 BC.
^ abAhmad, Nafis; Lodrick, Deryck (6 February 2019). "Indus River". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
^ ab"Kashmir: region, Indian subcontinent". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 16 July 2016. Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent. It is bounded by the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang to the northeast and the Tibet Autonomous Region to the east (both parts of China), by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south, by Pakistan to the west, and by Afghanistan to the northwest. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, ... The southern and southeastern portions constitute the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Indian- and Pakistani-administered portions are divided by a "line of control" agreed to in 1972, although neither country recognizes it as an international boundary. In addition, China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and since 1962 has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region)."
^Ahmad, Ijaz; Zhang, Fan; Tayyab, Muhammad; Anjum, Muhammad Naveed; Zaman, Muhammad; Liu, Junguo; Farid, Hafiz Umar; Saddique, Qaisar (15 November 2018). "Spatiotemporal analysis of precipitation variability in annual, seasonal and extreme values over upper Indus River basin". Atmospheric Research. 213: 346–60. Bibcode:2018AtmRe.213..346A. doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2018.06.019. ISSN 0169-8095. S2CID 125980503.
^ abcdShrestha AB, Agrawal NK, Alfthan B, Bajracharya SR, Maréchal J, van Oort B (eds.). The Himalayan Climate and Water Atlas: Impact of Climate Change on Water Resources in Five of Asia's Major River Basins. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development. p. 58. ISBN 978-92-9115-357-2.
^Amir, Khan; Naresh, Pant; Anuj, Goswami; Ravish, Lal; Rajesh, Joshi (December 2015). "Critical Evaluation and Assessment of Average Annual Precipitation in The Indus, The Ganges and The Brahmaputra Basins, Northern India – Himalayan Cryospheric Observations and Modelling (HiCOM)".
^ ab"Rivers Network". 2020.
^Richardson, Hugh E.; Wylie, Turrell V.; Falkenheim, Victor C.; Shakabpa, Tsepon W. D. (3 March 2020). "Tibet". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 9 August 2021. historic region and autonomous region of China that is often called "the roof of the world." It occupies a vast area of plateaus and mountains in Central Asia
^Natural Wonders of the World. Penguin Random House/DK & Smithsonian. 2017. p. 240. ISBN 978-1-4654-9492-4.
^"Indus water flow data in to reservoirs of Pakistan". Archived from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.
The Indus (/ˈɪndəs/ IN-dəs) is a transboundary river of Asia and a trans-Himalayan river of South and Central Asia. The 3,120 km (1,940 mi) river rises...
The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC), also known as the Indus Civilisation, was a Bronze Age civilisation in the northwestern regions of South Asia, lasting...
The Indusriver dolphin (Platanista minor) is a species of freshwater dolphin in the family Platanistidae. It is endemic to the IndusRiver basin in Pakistan...
The IndusRiver Delta forms where the IndusRiver flows into the Arabian Sea, mostly in the southern Sindh province of Pakistan with a small portion in...
considered to be one species (P. gangetica) with the Ganges river dolphin and the Indusriver dolphin being subspecies (P. g. gangetica and P. g. minor...
any river/ tributary and its catchment area of the Indus system of rivers that are not part of the other five rivers, is part of the IndusRiver including...
the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960, the waters of the Ravi and two other rivers (Sutlej and Beas River) were allocated to India. Subsequently, the Indus Basin...
the Chenab River at Trimmu in the Jhang District. The Chenab merges with the Sutlej to form the Panjnad River, which joins the IndusRiver at Mithankot...
subcontinent are broadly divided into three river basins, namely the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra. The Indus basin has the largest number of glaciers (3500)...
ultimately flowing into the IndusRiver. The Battle of Chenab was fought between Sikhs and Afghans on the bank of the river. The waters of the Chenab were...
and related rivers of South Asia, namely in the countries of India, Nepal, and Bangladesh. It is related to the much smaller Indusriver dolphin which...
The Indus basin is the part of Asia drained by the Indusriver and its tributaries. The basin covers an area of 1,120,000 km2 (430,000 sq mi) traversing...
839 sq mi) large. As of 2017, the river is home to a tiny isolated population of the Indus dolphin. Rig-veda calls the river Vipāś, which means unfettered...
The Indus script, also known as the Harappan script and the Indus Valley Script, is a corpus of symbols produced by the Indus Valley Civilisation. Most...
Moreover, around 90% of the Indus script seals and inscribed objects discovered were found at sites in Pakistan along the Indusriver, while other places accounting...
Hinduš was used for the province at the lower Indus basin. Scylax of Caryanda who explored the Indusriver for the Persian emperor probably took over the...
of the Indus, and sometimes catches floodwater from the river, while in winter when the river is low, water flows from the lake into the Indus. Freshwater...
provinces south of the Sutlej River and east of the IndusRiver. Beyond the confluence of the Indus and Panjnad rivers, the IndusRiver was known as Satnad (Sat...
grew up along the IndusRiver around 3300 BCE in parts of what are now India and Pakistan (see Bronze Age India). The fourth great river civilization emerged...
kilometres (10,000 sq mi) between the Gulf of Kutch and the mouth of the IndusRiver in southern Pakistan. The marsh can be accessed from the village of Kharaghoda...
The Shyok River is a tributary of the IndusRiver that flows through northern Ladakh and enters Gilgit–Baltistan, in Pakistan, spanning some 550 km (340 mi)...
sites are located on the plains between the rivers Ganges and Indus. The oldest known site of the Indus Valley Civilization, Bhirrana, and the largest...
Gomal, Zhob rivers. These rivers join the Indus at KPK. At Mithankot these rivers finally meet with the RiverIndus. After this the Indus flows alone...
IndusRiver System Authority (IRSA) is a water regulator in Pakistan, established in 1992 as an act of Parliament. The authority was established for regulating...
The Sutlej River is also known as Satadru. It is the easternmost tributary of the IndusRiver. The Bhakra Dam is built around the river Sutlej to provide...
expeditionary voyage starting from the IndusRiver, through the Persian Gulf and ending at the mouth of the Tigris River following the Indian campaign of Alexander...
The Battle of the Indus was fought on the banks of the IndusRiver, on 24 November 1221, by two armies commanded by Shah Jalal al-Din Mingburnu of the...