Subdivision of the Triassic according to the ICS, as of 2021.[5] Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.
Etymology
Chronostratigraphic name
Lower Triassic
Geochronological name
Early Triassic
Name formality
Formal
Usage information
Celestial body
Earth
Regional usage
Global (ICS)
Time scale(s) used
ICS Time Scale
Definition
Chronological unit
Epoch
Stratigraphic unit
Series
Time span formality
Formal
Lower boundary definition
FAD of the Conodont Hindeodus parvus
Lower boundary GSSP
Meishan, Zhejiang, China 31°04′47″N119°42′21″E / 31.0798°N 119.7058°E / 31.0798; 119.7058
Lower GSSP ratified
2001[6]
Upper boundary definition
Not formally defined
Upper boundary definition candidates
FAD of the Conodont Chiosella timorensis
Base of magnetic zone MT1n
Upper boundary GSSP candidate section(s)
Desli Caira, Northern Dobruja, Romania
Guandao, Guizhou, China
The Early Triassic is the first of three epochs of the Triassic Period of the geologic timescale. It spans the time between 251.9 Ma and 247.2 Ma (million years ago). Rocks from this epoch are collectively known as the Lower Triassic Series, which is a unit in chronostratigraphy. The Early Triassic is the oldest epoch of the Mesozoic Era. It is preceded by the Lopingian Epoch (late Permian, Paleozoic Era) and followed by the Middle Triassic Epoch. The Early Triassic is divided into the Induan and Olenekian ages. The Induan is subdivided into the Griesbachian and Dienerian subages and the Olenekian is subdivided into the Smithian and Spathian subages.[7]
The Lower Triassic series is coeval with the Scythian Stage, which is today not included in the official timescales but can be found in older literature. In Europe, most of the Lower Triassic is composed of Buntsandstein, a lithostratigraphic unit of continental red beds.[citation needed]
The Early Triassic and partly also the Middle Triassic span the interval of biotic recovery from the Permian-Triassic extinction event, the most severe mass extinction event in Earth's history.[8][9][10] A second extinction event, the Smithian-Spathian boundary event, occurred during the Olenekian.[11] A third extinction event occurred at the Olenekian-Anisian boundary, marking the end of the Early Triassic epoch.[12]
^Widmann, Philipp; Bucher, Hugo; Leu, Marc; et al. (2020). "Dynamics of the Largest Carbon Isotope Excursion During the Early Triassic Biotic Recovery". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8 (196): 196. Bibcode:2020FrEaS...8..196W. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00196.
^McElwain, J. C.; Punyasena, S. W. (2007). "Mass extinction events and the plant fossil record". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 22 (10): 548–557. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.003. PMID 17919771.
^
Retallack, G. J.; Veevers, J.; Morante, R. (1996). "Global coal gap between Permian–Triassic extinctions and middle Triassic recovery of peat forming plants". GSA Bulletin. 108 (2): 195–207. Bibcode:1996GSAB..108..195R. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108<0195:GCGBPT>2.3.CO;2. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
^Payne, J. L.; Lehrmann, D. J.; Wei, J.; Orchard, M. J.; Schrag, D. P.; Knoll, A. H. (2004). "Large Perturbations of the Carbon Cycle During Recovery from the End-Permian Extinction". Science. 305 (5683): 506–9. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..506P. doi:10.1126/science.1097023. PMID 15273391. S2CID 35498132.
^Ogg, James G.; Ogg, Gabi M.; Gradstein, Felix M. (2016). "Triassic". A Concise Geologic Time Scale: 2016. Elsevier. pp. 133–149. ISBN 978-0-444-63771-0.
^Hongfu, Yin; Kexin, Zhang; Jinnan, Tong; Zunyi, Yang; Shunbao, Wu (June 2001). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic Boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 24 (2): 102–114. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i2/004. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 August 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
^Tozer, Edward T. (1965). Lower Triassic stages and ammonoid zones of arctic Canada. Geological Survey of Canada. OCLC 606894884.
^Cite error: The named reference PayneKump2007EPSL was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Feng, Xueqian; Chen, Zhong-Qiang; Woods, Adam; Fang, Yuheng (15 November 2017). "A Smithian (Early Triassic) ichnoassemblage from Lichuan, Hubei Province, South China: Implications for biotic recovery after the latest Permian mass extinction". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 486: 123–141. Bibcode:2017PPP...486..123F. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.03.003. Archived from the original on 21 January 2023. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
^Matamales-Andreu, Rafel; Peñalver, Enrique; Mujal, Eudald; Oms, Oriol; Scholze, Frank; Juárez, Josep; Galobart, Àngel; Fortuny, Josep (November 2021). "Early–Middle Triassic fluvial ecosystems of Mallorca (Balearic Islands): Biotic communities and environmental evolution in the equatorial western peri-Tethys". Earth-Science Reviews. 222: 103783. Bibcode:2021ESRv..22203783M. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2021.103783. S2CID 238730784. Archived from the original on 19 December 2022. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
^Widmann, Philipp; Bucher, Hugo; Leu, Marc; Vennemann, Torsten; Bagherpour, Borhan; Schneebeli-Hermann, Elke; Goudemand, Nicolas; Schaltegger, Urs (2020). "Dynamics of the Largest Carbon Isotope Excursion During the Early Triassic Biotic Recovery". Frontiers in Earth Science. 8 (196): 196. Bibcode:2020FrEaS...8..196W. doi:10.3389/feart.2020.00196.
^Song, Haijin; Song, Huyue; Tong, Jinnan; Gordon, Gwyneth W.; Wignall, Paul B.; Tian, Li; Zheng, Wang; Algeo, Thomas J.; Liang, Lei; Bai, Ruoyu; Wu, Kui; Anbar, Ariel D. (20 February 2021). "Conodont calcium isotopic evidence for multiple shelf acidification events during the Early Triassic". Chemical Geology. 562: 120038. Bibcode:2021ChGeo.56220038S. doi:10.1016/j.chemgeo.2020.120038. S2CID 233915627. Archived from the original on 12 December 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2022.
The EarlyTriassic is the first of three epochs of the Triassic Period of the geologic timescale. It spans the time between 251.9 Ma and 247.2 Ma (million...
extinction events. The Triassic Period is subdivided into three epochs: EarlyTriassic, Middle Triassic and Late Triassic. The Triassic began in the wake of...
Middle Triassic Epoch and followed by the Early Jurassic Epoch. The corresponding series of rock beds is known as the Upper Triassic. The Late Triassic is...
genus of herbivorous dicynodont therapsids from the late Permian and EarlyTriassic epochs (around 250 million years ago). It lived in what is now Antarctica...
Jurassic Period. It has three major epochs: EarlyTriassic, Middle Triassic, and Late Triassic. The EarlyTriassic lasted between 252 million to 247 million...
close relatives. The oldest true archosaur fossils are known from the EarlyTriassic period, though the first archosauriforms and archosauromorphs (reptiles...
land animals in the Guadalupian through to the EarlyTriassic. In the aftermath of the Permian–Triassic extinction event, therapsids declined in relative...
Triassic spans the time between 247.2 Ma and 237 Ma (million years ago). It is preceded by the EarlyTriassic Epoch and followed by the Late Triassic...
Limulidae dating to approximately 250 million years ago during the EarlyTriassic. As such, the extant forms have been described as "living fossils"....
of structural traps: Carboniferous Hercynian Orogeny EarlyTriassic Zagros rifting First (or early Oman) Alpine Orogeny Second (or late) Alpine Orogeny...
(approximately 260 mya), and extensively diversified after the Permian–Triassic extinction event. Mammals are cynodonts, as are their extinct ancestors...
which lasted between the Cambrian and the EarlyTriassic, while the Neotethys formed during the Late Triassic and lasted in some form up to the Oligocene–Miocene...
until about 90 million years ago, into the Late Cretaceous. During the EarlyTriassic epoch, ichthyosaurs and other ichthyosauromorphs evolved from a group...
species went extinct during the Permian-Triassic extinction event, though a handful survived into the EarlyTriassic. Many productids are covered in hollow...
I. V.; Smyshlyaeva, O. P.; Bondarenko, L. G.; Popov, A. M. (2024). "EarlyTriassic Ammonoids of the Genus Churkites Okuneva, 1990: Phylogenetic Reconstructions...
Dinosaurs first appeared in the Mid-Triassic, and became the dominant terrestrial vertebrates in the Late Triassic or Early Jurassic, occupying this position...
Proterosuchidae is an early family of basal archosauriforms whose fossils are known from the Late Permian and the EarlyTriassic. The highest diversity...
(σαῦρος), "lizard") is an extinct genus of sauropterygian reptile from the Triassic period, approximately 240–210 million years ago, with fossils being distributed...
report of ostracods (Crustacea) associated with Bithynian (Anisian, Middle Triassic) Tubiphytes-microbial reef in the North Dobrogean Orogen (Romania)". Papers...
(EarlyTriassic) and early Anisian (early Middle Triassic) of Japan, China, Canada, and Spitsbergen (Norway). By the later part of the Middle Triassic...
timescale, the Olenekian is an age in the EarlyTriassic epoch; in chronostratigraphy, it is a stage in the Lower Triassic series. It spans the time between 251...
The Paris biota is an exceptionally diverse EarlyTriassic (approximately 249 million years ago) fossil assemblage described in 2017 from the Lower Shale...
Salyapongse, S.; Putthapiban, P. (2024). "Late Triassic (Late Early to Early Middle Norian) and Late Triassic or Early Jurassic Radiolarians from Limestone in...
diversity of reptiles with many different lifestyles. Early pseudosuchians were successful in the Triassic period. They included giant, quadrupedal apex predators...
(Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.902 Mya. It is the last period of the Paleozoic Era; the following Triassic Period belongs to the Mesozoic...
during the latter part of the Carnian Stage, a subdivision of the late Triassic period, and lasted for perhaps 1–2 million years (around 234–232 million...
Maximum hybodont diversity is observed during the Triassic. During the Triassic and Early Jurassic, hybodontiforms were the dominant elasmobranchs in both marine...
silesaurid, or a basal saurischian. The genus Nyasasaurus from the early Late Triassic of Tanzania is known from multiple incomplete specimens, making it...
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