Yajnavalkya (c. 8th century BCE), an important Vedic sage associated with the thought of the early Upanishads.[1]
Jain philosophy was propagated by Tirthankaras, notably Parshvanatha (c. 872 – c. 772 BCE) and Mahavira (c. 549–477 BCE).
Buddhist philosophy was founded by Gautama Buddha (c. 563–483 BCE).
Sikh philosophy was developed by Guru Gobind Singh (c. 1666–1708 CE).
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Indian philosophy consists of philosophical traditions of the Indian subcontinent. A traditional Hindu classification divides āstika and nāstika schools of philosophy, depending on one of three alternate criteria: whether it believes the Vedas as a valid source of knowledge; whether the school believes in the premises of Brahman and Atman; and whether the school believes in afterlife and Devas.[2][3][4]
There are six major (āstika) schools of Vedic philosophy—Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Mīmāṃsā and Vedanta—and five major heterodox (nāstika or sramanic) schools—Jain, Buddhist, Ajivika, Ajñana, and Charvaka. The āstika group embraces the Vedas as an essential source of its foundations, while the nāstika group does not. However, there are other methods of classification; Vidyaranya for instance identifies sixteen schools of Indian philosophy by including those that belong to the Śaiva and Raseśvara traditions.[5][6]
The main schools of Indian philosophy were formalised and recognised chiefly between 500 BCE and the late centuries of the Common Era.[citation needed] Some schools like Jainism, Buddhism, Yoga, Śaiva and Vedanta survived, but others, like Ajñana, Charvaka and Ājīvika did not.
Ancient and medieval era texts of Indian philosophies include extensive discussions on ontology (metaphysics, Brahman-Atman, Sunyata-Anatta), reliable means of knowledge (epistemology, Pramanas), value system (axiology) and other topics.[7][page needed][8][9][10]
^Scharfstein, Ben-Ami (1998). A comparative history of world philosophy: from the Upanishads to Kant. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 9–11. ISBN 978-0-7914-3683-7.
^Bowker 1999, p. 259.
^Doniger 2014, p. 46.
^Nicholson 2010, Chapter 9.
^Cowell & Gough 2001, p. xii.
^Nicholson 2010, pp. 158–162.
^Perrett, Vol. 3 2000.
^Phillips, Stephen H. (2013). Epistemology in Classical India: The Knowledge Sources of the Nyaya School. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-51898-0.
^Sharma, Arvind (1982). The Puruṣārthas: a study in Hindu axiology. Asian Studies Center, Michigan State University. ISBN 9789993624318.
^Bilimoria, Purusottama; Prabhu, Joseph; Sharma, Renuka M., eds. (2007). Indian Ethics: Classical traditions and contemporary challenges. Ashgate. ISBN 978-0-7546-3301-3.
Indianphilosophy consists of philosophical traditions of the Indian subcontinent. A traditional Hindu classification divides āstika and nāstika schools...
traditions in the history of philosophy include Western, Arabic–Persian, Indian, and Chinese philosophy. Western philosophy originated in Ancient Greece...
traditions like Arabic–Persian philosophy, Indianphilosophy, and Chinese philosophy. Western philosophy covers the philosophy associated with the geographical...
Indian political philosophy is the branch of philosophical thought in India that addresses questions related to polity, statecraft, justice, law and the...
Japanese philosophy, Korean philosophy, and Vietnamese philosophy; which are dominant in East Asia, and Indianphilosophy (including Hindu philosophy, Jain...
Hindu philosophy or Vedic philosophy is the set of Indian philosophical systems that developed in tandem with the religion of Hinduism during the iron...
Akan philosophy Ethiopian philosophy Ubuntu philosophy Chinese philosophyIndianphilosophy Indonesian philosophy Japanese philosophy Korean philosophy Vietnamese...
or "sense organs" – ears, skin, eyes, tongue and nose. Karmendriya is an Indian philosophical concept. Karmendriya is the "organ of action" according to...
mentally constructed universals. In contrast to the realist schools of Indianphilosophy, Buddhist logicians put put forward a positive theory of nominalism...
Vedanta philosophy of Sankara (c. eighth century CE) constitutes the central philosophy of Hinduism. Second, in an Indian context, neo-Vedanta philosophy subsumes...
JSTOR 24631797. S2CID 145662113. R. Prasad (2008), History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Volume 12, Part 1, ISBN 978-8180695445, pp 249-270...
Indianphilosophy, the systems of thought and reflection that were developed by the civilizations of the Indian subcontinent. They include both orthodox...
Buddhist philosophy is the ancient Indian philosophical system that developed within the religio-philosophical tradition of Buddhism. It comprises all...
(qšyṭ’; truth, rectitude). Dharma is a concept of central importance in Indianphilosophy and religion. It has multiple meanings in Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism...
of India, Indian culture has been heavily influenced by Dharmic religions. They have been credited with shaping much of Indianphilosophy, literature...
ancient school of Indian materialism. It is considered as one example of the atheistic schools in the Ancient Indianphilosophies. Charvaka holds direct...
(Atman) are part of the ontological premises of Indianphilosophy. Different schools of Indianphilosophy have held widely dissimilar ontologies. Buddhism...
Western philosophy refers to the philosophical thought and work of the Western world. Historically, the term refers to the philosophical thinking of Western...
sources'). Sometimes described as one of the rationalist schools of Indianphilosophy, it relies exclusively on reason. While Samkhya-like speculations...
Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the fundamental structure of reality. It is often characterized as first philosophy, implying that it is...
types of idealism, it is difficult to define the term uniformly. Indianphilosophy contains some of the first defenses of idealism, such as in Vedanta...