Ability of a foreign substance to provoke an immune response
Immunogenicity is the ability of a foreign substance, such as an antigen, to provoke an immune response in the body of a human or other animal. It may be wanted or unwanted:
Wanted immunogenicity typically relates to vaccines, where the injection of an antigen (the vaccine) provokes an immune response against the pathogen, protecting the organism from future exposure. Immunogenicity is a central aspect of vaccine development.[1]
Unwanted immunogenicity is an immune response by an organism against a therapeutic antigen. This reaction leads to production of anti-drug-antibodies (ADAs), inactivating the therapeutic effects of the treatment and potentially inducing adverse effects.[2]
A challenge in biotherapy is predicting the immunogenic potential of novel protein therapeutics.[3] For example, immunogenicity data from high-income countries are not always transferable to low-income and middle-income countries.[4] Another challenge is considering how the immunogenicity of vaccines changes with age.[5][6] Therefore, as stated by the World Health Organization, immunogenicity should be investigated in a target population since animal testing and in vitro models cannot precisely predict immune response in humans.[7]
Antigenicity is the capacity of a chemical structure (either an antigen or hapten) to bind specifically with a group of certain products that have adaptive immunity: T cell receptors or antibodies (a.k.a. B cell receptors). Antigenicity was more commonly used in the past to refer to what is now known as immunogenicity, and the two terms are still often used interchangeably. However, strictly speaking, immunogenicity refers to the ability of an antigen to induce an adaptive immune response. Thus an antigen might bind specifically to a T or B cell receptor, but not induce an adaptive immune response. If the antigen does induce a response, it is an 'immunogenic antigen', which is referred to as an immunogen.
^Leroux-Roels, Geert; Bonanni, Paolo; Tantawichien, Terapong; Zepp, Fred (August 2011). "Vaccine development". Perspectives in Vaccinology. 1 (1): 115–150. doi:10.1016/j.pervac.2011.05.005.
^De Groot, Anne S.; Scott, David W. (November 2007). "Immunogenicity of protein therapeutics". Trends in Immunology. 28 (11): 482–490. doi:10.1016/j.it.2007.07.011. PMID 17964218.
^Baker, Matthew; Reynolds, Helen M.; Lumicisi, Brooke; Bryson, Christine J. (October 2010). "Immunogenicity of protein therapeutics: The key causes, consequences and challenges". Self/Nonself. 1 (4): 314–322. doi:10.4161/self.1.4.13904. PMC 3062386. PMID 21487506.
^Lindsey, Benjamin B; Armitage, Edwin P; Kampmann, Beate; de Silva, Thushan I (April 2019). "The efficacy, effectiveness, and immunogenicity of influenza vaccines in Africa: a systematic review" (PDF). The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 19 (4): e110–e119. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30490-0. hdl:10044/1/65398. PMID 30553695. S2CID 58767762.
^Nic Lochlainn, Laura M; de Gier, Brechje; van der Maas, Nicoline; Strebel, Peter M; Goodman, Tracey; van Binnendijk, Rob S; de Melker, Hester E; Hahné, Susan J M (November 2019). "Immunogenicity, effectiveness, and safety of measles vaccination in infants younger than 9 months: a systematic review and meta-analysis". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 19 (11): 1235–1245. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30395-0. PMC 6838664. PMID 31548079.
^Samson, Sandrine I.; Leventhal, Phillip S.; Salamand, Camille; Meng, Ya; Seet, Bruce T.; Landolfi, Victoria; Greenberg, David; Hollingsworth, Rosalind (4 March 2019). "Immunogenicity of high-dose trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine: a systematic review and meta-analysis". Expert Review of Vaccines. 18 (3): 295–308. doi:10.1080/14760584.2019.1575734. PMID 30689467. S2CID 59338782.
^WHO (2014). WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization. World Health Organization. ISBN 978-92-4-069262-6. OCLC 888748977.[page needed]
the organism from future exposure. Immunogenicity is a central aspect of vaccine development. Unwanted immunogenicity is an immune response by an organism...
Immunogenic cell death types are divided according to molecular mechanisms leading up to, during and following the death event. The immunogenicity of...
protein can "mask" the agent from the host's immune system (reducing immunogenicity and antigenicity), and increase its hydrodynamic size (size in solution)...
the antigen-presenting cells of the innate immune system and maximize immunogenicity. Another important role of the immune system is to identify and eliminate...
The Asian giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia) or northern giant hornet, including the color form referred to as the Japanese giant hornet, is the world's largest...
Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, is the process in which one mature somatic cell is transformed into another mature somatic cell...
and Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine LYB001". ClinicalTrials.gov. 18 November 2021. NCT05125926. Retrieved 18 November 2021. "Immunogenicity and safety...
TCR-exposed residues of MHC-bound peptides is associated with peptide immunogenicity. A native antigen is an antigen that is not yet processed by an APC...
produced thanks to their qualities of immunogenicity, immunogenic stability, and safety. Specific immunogenicity properties include highly efficient gene...
human body and increase their duration of action, as well as to reduce immunogenicity. This process is called PEGylation. Contraindications for macrogol taken...
"Efficacy, Immunogenicity and Safety of Inactivated ERUCOV-VAC Compared With Placebo in COVID-19 " at ClinicalTrials.gov "Efficacy, Immunogenicity, and Safety...
Reed JL, Noble W, Young NS, Koenig S (February 2003). "Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant parvovirus B19 vaccine formulated with MF59C.1". The...
vaccine against Argentine hemorrhagic fever produced in Argentina. Immunogenicity and safety] (PDF). Medicina (in Spanish). 70 (3): 215–22. PMID 20529769...
Becker S, Belij-Rammerstorfer S, et al. (August 2020). "Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report...
Wilson RM, Douglas CA, Tattersall RB, Reeves WG (September 1985). "Immunogenicity of highly purified bovine insulin: a comparison with conventional bovine...
found to enhance the immunogenicity of bacterial polysaccharides. The pharmaceutical company Wyeth took advantage of this immunogenicity in the 1990s when...
strain more lethal than another, what genetic determinants most affect immunogenicity, and how the virus evolves over time. Solutions to limitations in current[when...
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