Simplified diagram of Imd signalling as found in the fruit fly.
The Imd pathway is a broadly-conserved NF-κB immune signalling pathway of insects and some arthropods[1] that regulates a potent antibacterial defence response. The pathway is named after the discovery of a mutation causing severe immune deficiency (the gene was named "Imd" for "immune deficiency"). The Imd pathway was first discovered in 1995 using Drosophila fruit flies by Bruno Lemaitre and colleagues, who also later discovered that the Drosophila Toll gene regulated defence against Gram-positive bacteria and fungi.[2][3] Together the Toll and Imd pathways have formed a paradigm of insect immune signalling; as of September 2, 2019, these two landmark discovery papers have been cited collectively over 5000 times since publication on Google Scholar.[4][5]
The Imd pathway responds to signals produced by Gram-negative bacteria. Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) sense DAP-type peptidoglycan, which activates the Imd signalling cascade. This culminates in the translocation of the NF-κB transcription factor Relish, leading to production of antimicrobial peptides and other effectors.[6] Insects lacking Imd signalling either naturally or by genetic manipulation are extremely susceptible to infection by a wide variety of pathogens and especially bacteria.
^Palmer WJ, Jiggins FM (August 2015). "Comparative Genomics Reveals the Origins and Diversity of Arthropod Immune Systems". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 32 (8): 2111–2129. doi:10.1093/molbev/msv093. PMC 4833078. PMID 25908671.
^Lemaitre B, Kromer-Metzger E, Michaut L, Nicolas E, Meister M, Georgel P, et al. (October 1995). "A recessive mutation, immune deficiency (imd), defines two distinct control pathways in the Drosophila host defense". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 92 (21): 9465–9469. Bibcode:1995PNAS...92.9465L. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.21.9465. PMC 40822. PMID 7568155.
^Lemaitre B, Nicolas E, Michaut L, Reichhart JM, Hoffmann JA (September 1996). "The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spätzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults". Cell. 86 (6): 973–983. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80172-5. PMID 8808632. S2CID 10736743.
^"A recessive mutation, immune deficiency (imd), defines two distinct control pathways in the Drosophila host defense". Google Scholar. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
^"The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spätzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults". Google Scholar. Retrieved 2 September 2019.
^Lemaitre B, Hoffmann J (2007). "The host defense of Drosophila melanogaster". Annual Review of Immunology. 25: 697–743. doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141615. PMID 17201680.
The Imdpathway is a broadly-conserved NF-κB immune signalling pathway of insects and some arthropods that regulates a potent antibacterial defence response...
Look up IMD in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Imd or IMD may refer to: Imd, a giantess in Norse mythology, one of the nine Mothers of Heimdall India...
trafficking Host–pathogen interaction Retinoic acid JAK-STAT signaling pathwayImdpathway Localisation signal Oscillation Protein dynamics Systems biology...
indirectly by activating one of four unique effector pathways: prophenoloxidase cascade, Toll pathway, IMDpathway, and induction of phagocytosis. In mammals,...
pathogens and alert the IMDpathway as well as antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes which are produced once the immune pathway has been activated. A reduced...
through the toll and Imdpathways, which are parallel systems for detecting microbes. Other pathways including the stress response pathways JAK-STAT and P38...
immune response varies among the gut regions. The immune deficiency (IMD) pathway responds to bacterial infections and is activated by certain receptors...
revealed that the pea aphid appears to have lost the Imdpathway, considered a key immune pathway in many species. Her work on the genetics of insect species...
Phoebe; Rubin, Gerald M.; Lemaitre, Bruno (2002-06-03). "The Toll and Imdpathways are the major regulators of the immune response in Drosophila". The EMBO...
signalling pathway, while expression in surface epithelia like the respiratory tract is instead controlled by the immune deficiency pathway (Imd). This means...
information signal across distance requires some form of pathway or medium. These pathways, called communication channels, use two types of media: Transmission...
the trachea and gut. This is regulated by the NF-κB signalling pathways Toll and Imd. Metchnikowin is named after Russian immunologist Élie Metchnikoff...
Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been done. The IMD family of genes and gua1 in yeast correspond to guaB and guaA. Here only IMD genes are guanine sensitive and not...
operate purine salvage pathways) is selectively targeted by the purine deficiency resulting from inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMD) inhibition. Adenine...
original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved 19 October 2014. "IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2013". Imd.ch. 30 May 2013. Archived from the original on 9 June...
throughout the genus Drosophila. Drosocin is regulated by the NF-κB Imd signalling pathway in the fly. The Drosocin gene encodes two peptides: its namesake...
Handelshøyskolen BI (Norwegian site) < https://ju.se/en/study-at-ju/our-programmes/pathway-programmes/programmes/pathway-semester-english.html> p. 1.</ref>...
are similar to one year MBA programs offered by schools like Insead and IMD. Distance learning MBA programs hold classes off-campus. These programs can...
income and health deprivation according to the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD 2015). The urban principles of the Radburn System have contributed to a place...
polyphenol oxidase (PPO) molecules, Toll, or immune deficiency (IMD) signalling pathways. That leads to production of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Each...
Meteorological Department (IMD) classified the low as a depression at 00:00 UTC on November 5. About six hours later, the IMD upgraded the system to a deep...
S, Kappler C, Ferrandon D, et al. (2001). "Drosophila Immune Deficiency (IMD) Is a Death Domain Protein that Activates Antibacterial Defense and Can Promote...
Skill to manipulate physical access to communication pathways and awareness of how those pathways contribute to enemy advantage. Space Battle Management:...
favorable conditions. On 30 October, the India Meteorological Department (IMD) estimated that Chapala attained peak three-minute sustained winds of 215 km/h...
trial reported by Mukherji et al. 1995 – Discovery of the insect Imd NF-κB pathway 1996–1998 – Identification of Toll-like receptors as immune-regulating...
Global Information