Transmission electron micrograph of a parainfluenza virus. Two intact particles and free filamentous nucleocapsid
Scientific classification
(unranked):
Virus
Realm:
Riboviria
Kingdom:
Orthornavirae
Phylum:
Negarnaviricota
Class:
Monjiviricetes
Order:
Mononegavirales
Family:
Paramyxoviridae
Groups included
Respirovirus (part)
Human respirovirus 1 (formerly Human parainfluenza virus 1)
Human respirovirus 3 (formerly Human parainfluenza virus 3)
Rubulavirus (part)
Human rubulavirus 2 (formerly Human parainfluenza virus 2)
Human rubulavirus 4 (formerly Human parainfluenza virus 4)[1]
Cladistically included but traditionally excluded taxa
Aquaparamyxovirus
Avulavirus
Ferlavirus
Henipavirus
Morbillivirus
Respirovirus (part)
Bovine respirovirus 3
Murine respirovirus
Porcine respirovirus 1
Rubulavirus (part)
Achimota rubulavirus 1
Achimota rubulavirus 2
Bat mumps rubulavirus
Mammalian rubulavirus 5
Mapuera rubulavirus
Menangle rubulavirus
Mumps rubulavirus
Porcine rubulavirus
Simian rubulavirus
Sosuga rubulavirus
Teviot rubulavirus
Tioman rubulavirus
Tuhoko rubulavirus 1
Tuhoko rubulavirus 2
Tuhoko rubulavirus 3
Pneumoviridae
Rhabdoviridae
Sunviridae
Xinmoviridae
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIVs) are the viruses that cause human parainfluenza. HPIVs are a paraphyletic group of four distinct single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family. These viruses are closely associated with both human and veterinary disease.[2] Virions are approximately 150–250 nm in size and contain negative sense RNA with a genome encompassing about 15,000 nucleotides.[3]
Fusion glycoprotein trimer, Human parainfluenza virus 3 (HPIV3).
The viruses can be detected via cell culture, immunofluorescent microscopy, and PCR.[4] HPIVs remain the second main cause of hospitalisation in children under 5 years of age for a respiratory illness (only respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes more respiratory hospitalisations for this age group).[5]
^"Virus Taxonomy: 2018 Release". International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). October 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2019.
^"Human Parainfluenza Viruses". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 21 March 2012.
^Schmidt, Alexander; Anne Schaap-Nutt; Emmalene J Bartlett; Henrick Schomacker; Jim Boonyaratanakornkit; Ruth A Karron; Peter L Collins (1 February 2011). "Progress in the development of human parainfluenza virus vaccines". Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine. 5 (4): 515–526. doi:10.1586/ers.11.32. PMC 3503243. PMID 21859271.
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