A natural left-handed helix seen in a tendril of a climber plant. Tendrils often show helix reversals.
Helical growth is when cells or organs expand, resulting in helical shaped cells or organs and typically including the breakage of symmetry. This is seen in fungi, algae, and other higher plant cells or organs.[1] Helical growth can occur naturally, such as in tendrils or in twining plants. Asymmetry can be caused by changes in pectin or through mutation and result in left- or right-handed helices.[2][3][4] Tendril perversion, during which a tendril curves in opposite directions at each end, is seen in many cases.[5] The helical growth of twining plants is based on the circumnutational movement, or circular growth, of stems. Most twining plans have right-handed helices regardless of the plant's growth hemisphere.[6]
Helical growth in single cells, such as the fungi genus Phycomyces or the algae genus Nitella, is thought to be caused by a helical arrangement of structural biological material in the cell wall.[7] In mutant thale cress, helical growth is seen at the organ level. Analysis strongly suggests that cortical microtubules have an important role in controlling the direction of organ expansion.[8] It is unclear how helical growth mutations affect thale cress cell wall assembly.
When seen in spiral3, a conserved GRIP1 gene, a missense mutation causes a left-handed helical organization of cortical microtubules and a severe right-hand helical growth. This mutation compromises interactions between proteins GCP2 and GCP3 in yeast. While the efficiency of microtubule dynamics and nucleation were not noticeably affected, cortical microtubule angles were less narrow and more widely distributed.[9]
^Wada, Hirofumi (2012-09-19). "Hierarchical Helical Order in the Twisted Growth of Plant Organs". Physical Review Letters. 109 (12): 128104. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.128104.
^Saffer, Adam M.; Carpita, Nicholas C.; Irish, Vivian F. (2017). "Rhamnose-Containing Cell Wall Polymers Suppress Helical Plant Growth Independently of Microtubule Orientation". Current Biology. 27 (15): 2248–2259.E4. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.032. PMID 28736166.
^Hathaway, Bill (2017-07-20). "The secret of why plants grow to the right or left". Yale University. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
^Goriely, A.; Tabor, M. (1998). "Spontaneous helix-hand reversal and tendril perversion in climbing plants". Physical Review Letters. 80 (7): 1564. Bibcode:1998PhRvL..80.1564G. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.80.1564.
^Goriely, Alain (2013). "Inversion, Rotation, and Perversion in Mechanical Biology: From Microscopic Anisotropy to Macroscopic Chirality" (PDF). p. 9.
^Edwards, Will; Moles, Angela T.; Franks, Peter (2007). "The global trend in plant twining direction". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 16 (6): 795–800. doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00326.x.
^Roelofsen, P.A. (1965). "Ultrastructure of the wall in growing cells and its relation to the direction of growth". Advances in Botanical Research. 2: 69–149. doi:10.1016/s0065-2296(08)60250-5. ISBN 9780120059027.
^Hashimoto, T. (2002). "Molecular genetic analysis of left-right handedness in plants". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 357 (1422): 799–808. doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1088. PMC 1692985. PMID 12079675.
^Nakamura, Masayoshi; Hashimoto, Takashi (2009-07-01). "A mutation in the Arabidopsis γ-tubulin-containing complex causes helical growth and abnormal microtubule branching". Journal of Cell Science. 122 (13): 2208–2217. doi:10.1242/jcs.044131. ISSN 0021-9533. PMID 19509058.
thought to be caused by a helical arrangement of structural biological material in the cell wall. In mutant thale cress, helicalgrowth is seen at the organ...
Zygomycota phylum. They are known for their strong phototropism response and helicalgrowth of the sporangium. The best studied species is Phycomyces blakesleeanus...
molecular basis of tendril development, studies showed that tendrils helicalgrowth performance is not correlated with ontogenetic origin, instead, there...
visualizing the alpha-helical secondary structure of oligopeptide sequences are (1) a helical wheel, (2) a wenxiang diagram, and (3) a helical net. Each of these...
over twenty years, mainly on the avoidance and anemotropic responses, helicalgrowth, and cell-wall mechanical properties. He also studied the infrared-detectors...
snail and its helical shell Chicoreus palmarosae, a sea snail, illustrating asymmetry, which is seen in all gastropods in the form of a helical shell A red...
opposite happens for magnetic vortices, where small helical structures with non-zero magnetic helicity combine and form large-scale magnetic fields. This...
Tendril perversion is a geometric phenomenon sometimes observed in helical structures in which the direction of the helix transitions between left-handed...
Somatostatin, also known as growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) or by several other names, is a peptide hormone that regulates the endocrine system...
theoretical prediction that 2D topological insulator with one-dimensional (1D) helical edge states would be realized in quantum wells (very thin layers) of mercury...
(left and right, respectively) show ‘intrinsic disorder’, although a short helical region persists in the N-terminal tail. Ten alternative NMR models were...
"A mutation in the Arabidopsis γ-tubulin-containing complex causes helicalgrowth and abnormal microtubule branching". Journal of Cell Science. 122 (13):...
by seeing communication as a means of growth, learning, and improvement. The basic idea behind Dance's helical model of communication is also found in...
waterspouts, usually taking the form of a translucent and highly laminar helical tube. "They are typically narrow, rope-like condensation funnels that form...
their neighboring helices, a much shallower incline than in the larger helical structure of the globin fold. The specific topology of the helices is dependent...
grana stack axis and form multiple right-handed helical surfaces at the granal interface. Left-handed helical surfaces consolidate between the right-handed...
breaks and injuries. Collagen is used in bone grafting as it has a triple helical structure, making it a very strong molecule. It is ideal for use in bones...
helical tusk, which usually grows out from the left of the mouth, is an exception to the typical features of tusks described above. Continuous growth...
between two membranes in the periplasmic space. They have a distinctive helical body that twists about as it moves. Two other types of bacterial motion...
proteins contain a central ~310 residue domain with four segments in α-helical conformation that are separated by three short linker segments predicted...
gram-negative, flagellated, helical bacterium. Mutants can have a rod or curved rod shape, and these are less effective. Its helical body (from which the genus...
these appendages are often called “stigmarian rootlets,” their helical arrangement and growth abscission are actually more characteristic of leaves than modern...
(3.7 m) long, tube-shaped, pressure strainer, woven in a characteristic helical pattern from palm leaves. The sebucan usually is hung from a tree branch...
Type IV AFPs (P80961) are found in longhorn sculpins. They are alpha helical proteins rich in glutamate and glutamine. This protein is approximately...
is supported by strain energy calculation. The strain energy of the helicalgrowth of a zigzag or armchair graphene ribbon is just about a quarter that...
peripheral sheath, longitudinal barb ridges, and growth plates. Over time these barb ridges lengthen helically, branch to create barbs and barbules, and fuse...
encase its contents in a helical structure, much like the naturally occurring helical structure seen in DNA. This resultant helical structure is the case...
Spermine is associated with nucleic acids and is thought to stabilize helical structure, particularly in viruses. It functions as an intracellular free...
results suggest a helical structure (which must be very closely packed) containing 2, 3 or 4 co-axial nucleic acid chains per helical unit, and having...
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