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Effusive volcanic eruption
Hawaiian eruption: 1, ash plume; 2, lava fountain; 3, crater; 4, lava lake; 5, fumarole; 6, lava flow; 7, layers of lava and ash; 8, stratum; 9, sill; 10, magma conduit; 11, magma chamber; 12, dike
A Hawaiian eruption is a type of volcanic eruption where lava flows from the vent in a relatively gentle, low level eruption; it is so named because it is characteristic of Hawaiian volcanoes. Typically they are effusive eruptions, with basaltic magmas of low viscosity, low content of gases, and high temperature at the vent. Very small amounts of volcanic ash are produced. This type of eruption occurs most often at hotspot volcanoes such as Kīlauea on Hawaii's big island and in Iceland, though it can occur near subduction zones (e.g. Medicine Lake Volcano in California) and rift zones.
Hawaiian eruptions may occur along fissure vents, such as during the eruption of Mauna Loa in 1950, or at a central vent, such as during the 1959 eruption in Kīlauea Iki Crater, which created a lava fountain 580 meters (1,900 ft) high and formed a 38-meter cone named Puʻu Puaʻi. In fissure-type eruptions, lava spurts from a fissure on the volcano's rift zone and feeds lava streams that flow downslope. In central-vent eruptions, a fountain of lava can spurt to a height of 300 meters or more (heights of 1600 meters were reported for the 1986 eruption of Mount Mihara on Izu Ōshima, Japan).
Hawaiian eruptions usually start by the formation of a crack in the ground from which a curtain of incandescent lava or several closely spaced lava fountains appear. The lava can overflow the fissure and form ʻaʻā or pāhoehoe style of flows. When such an eruption from a central cone is protracted, it can form lightly sloped shield volcanoes, for example Mauna Loa or Skjaldbreiður in Iceland.
A Hawaiianeruption is a type of volcanic eruption where lava flows from the vent in a relatively gentle, low level eruption; it is so named because it...
weakest are Hawaiian and submarine, then Strombolian, followed by Vulcanian and Surtseyan. The stronger eruptive types are Pelean eruptions, followed by...
damage caused by other Hawaiianeruptions such as the 2018 eruption at neighboring Kīlauea that destroyed 700 homes. The Hawaii County civil defense administrator...
ˈloʊ.ə/; Hawaiian: [ˈmɐwnə ˈlowə]; English: Long Mountain) is one of five volcanoes that form the Island of Hawaii in the U.S. state of Hawaii in the Pacific...
attributed to rift eruptions. Fissure venting is common in Hawaiʻi; most Hawaiianeruptions begin with a so-called "wall of fire" along a major fissure...
Hazards in the Hawaiian Islands in Volcanism in Hawaii, volume 1, USGS Professional Paper 1350, page 602. "VHP Photo Glossary: Phreatic eruption". Volcano...
viscous, and therefore shorter and thicker, than the corresponding Hawaiianeruptions; it may or may not be accompanied by production of pyroclastic rock...
The Hawaiian Islands (Hawaiian: Mokupuni Hawai‘i) are an archipelago of eight major volcanic islands, several atolls, and numerous smaller islets in the...
list of volcanic eruptions from Mauna Loa, an active shield volcano in the Hawaiian Islands that last erupted in 2022. These eruptions have taken place...
The 1955 Hawaiian submarine eruption was a submarine eruption that occurred 90 km (56 mi) northeast of Necker Island on August 20, 1955. Steaming water...
volcano is classified as active with a low risk of eruption. The last recorded eruption was the Hōei eruption which started on December 16, 1707 (Hōei 4, 23rd...
The 1984 eruption of Mauna Loa was a Hawaiianeruption in the U.S. state of Hawaii that lasted from March 25 to April 15, 1984. It ended a 9-year period...
which the Hawaiian hotspot is an example. Volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another. Large eruptions can affect...
major Hawaiian islands. This stage is arguably the most well-studied, as all eruptions that occurred in the 20th century on the island of Hawaii were produced...
1975 eruption of Mauna Loa was a short-lived Hawaiianeruption that followed 25 years of quiescence at the Hawaiian volcano Mauna Loa. The eruption began...
The Keanakakoi eruption was a VEI-4 eruption that occurred from the summit caldera of Kīlauea volcano in or around November 1790. It has been described...
The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines' Luzon Volcanic Arc was the second-largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century, behind only the...
A limnic eruption, also known as a lake overturn, is a very rare type of natural disaster in which dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2) suddenly erupts from...
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