Cells from rhesus macaques, clustered by cell type. Red cells are from monkeys infected with simian-human immunodeficiency virus, while blue cells are from uninfected ones.
HIV tropism refers to the cell type in which the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects and replicates. HIV tropism of a patient's virus is measured by the Trofile assay.
HIV can infect a variety of cells such as CD4+ helper T-cells and macrophages that express the CD4 molecule on their surface. HIV-1 entry to macrophages and T helper cells is mediated not only through interaction of the virion envelope glycoproteins (gp120) with the CD4 molecule on the target cells but also with its chemokine coreceptors.
Macrophage (M-tropic) strains of HIV-1, or non-syncitia-inducing strains (NSI) use the beta-chemokine receptor CCR5 for entry and are thus able to replicate in macrophages and CD4+ T-cells.[1] These strains are now called R5 viruses.[2] The normal ligands for this receptor—RANTES, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β and MIP-1α—are able to suppress HIV-1 infection in vitro. This CCR5 coreceptor is used by almost all primary HIV-1 isolates regardless of viral genetic subtype.
T-tropic isolates, or syncitia-inducing (SI) strains replicate in primary CD4+ T-cells as well as in macrophages and use the alpha-chemokine receptor, CXCR4, for entry.[1] These strains are now called X4 viruses.[2] The alpha-chemokine SDF-1, a ligand for CXCR4, suppresses replication of T-tropic HIV-1 isolates. It does this by downregulating the expression of CXCR4 on the surface of these cells.
Viruses that use only the CCR5 receptor are termed R5, those that only use CXCR4 are termed X4, and those that use both, X4R5. However, the use of a coreceptor alone does not explain viral tropism, as not all R5 viruses are able to use CCR5 on macrophages for a productive infection.[1]
^ abcCoakley, E.; Petropoulos, C. J.; Whitcomb, J. M. (2005). "Assessing chemokine co-receptor usage in HIV". Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. 18 (1): 9–15. doi:10.1097/00001432-200502000-00003. PMID 15647694. S2CID 30923492.
^ abBerger, EA; Doms, RW; Fenyö, EM; Korber, BT; Littman, DR; Moore, JP; Sattentau, QJ; Schuitemaker, H; et al. (1998). "A new classification for HIV-1". Nature. 391 (6664): 240. Bibcode:1998Natur.391..240B. doi:10.1038/34571. PMID 9440686. S2CID 2159146.
HIVtropism refers to the cell type in which the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects and replicates. HIVtropism of a patient's virus is measured...
on different HIV-1 strains, due to HIVtropism.[citation needed] Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) provide a protective reaction against HIV when consistent...
which increases E. coli infectivity and tropism for human gut cells. Endothelial cell tropism Tissue tropism Douam, Florian; Gaska, Jenna M.; Winer, Benjamin...
persists after healing of the ulcer. Tropism of HIV for CCR-5 positive cells explains the two to threefold increase in HIV acquisition among persons with genital...
development of CCR5 receptor antagonists Entry inhibitor HIV tropism Stephen Crohn HIV immunity GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000160791 – Ensembl...
developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War R5 virus, a form of HIVtropism ATC code R05 Cough and cold preparations, a subgroup of the Anatomical...
receptor. HIV is then unable to enter human macrophages and T cells. Because HIV can also use other coreceptors, such as CXCR4, an HIVtropism test such...
determine baculovirus titer. The Trofile assay is used to determine HIVtropism. The viral plaque assay is to calculate the number of viruses present...
expression. CXCR4 has been shown to interact with USP14. CXCR4 antagonist HIVtropism Entry inhibitor Discovery and development of CCR5 receptor antagonists...
rapid diagnostics, SARS-CoV-2 intra host evolution, replication, cell tropism and entry, as well as evasion from B cell immunity. Gupta was formerly...
Trofile Assay in Determining Tropism and New Tropism Assays in Development [3] Trofile Bests SensiTrop as Most Reliable Tropism Test [4] Monogram Biosciences...
into humans, resulting in HIV-2 and HIV-1 respectively, the two HIV viruses. The most likely route of transmission of HIV-1 to humans involves contact...
direct contact with infected children. The human immunodeficiency virus, HIV, is transmitted by bodily fluids transferred during sex. Others, such as...
restriction factors in other species, limiting their tropism. This has made it difficult to study HIV-1/AIDS in animal models and much of Hatziioannou's...
has also been employed for other HIV targets. HIV/AIDS research Cenicriviroc CD4 CCL5 CCR5 Subtypes of HIVHIVtropism Discovery and development of non-nucleoside...
virus can infect humans. This infection may also change the virulence and tropism of the virus by way of phenotypic mixing and/or recombination. Abraham...
serotypes—differing by capsid structure and consequently by tropism—had been identified. The tropism of adeno-associated viral vectors can be tailored by creating...
(November 2015). "Recombination of the epsilon determinant and corneal tropism: Human adenovirus species D types 15, 29, 56, and 69". Virology. 485: 452–9...
previously named SCH 417690 and SCH-D, is a pyrimidine CCR5 entry inhibitor of HIV-1. It was developed by the pharmaceutical company Schering-Plough. Merck...
Global Information