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The language areas in Europe where some kind of guttural R may be heard by some local natives. Guttural R is not necessarily predominant in all of these areas.Distribution of guttural R (e.g. [ʁʀχ]) in northwestern Europe in the mid-20th century.[1]
not usual
only in some educated speech
usual in educated speech
general
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
Guttural R is the phenomenon whereby a rhotic consonant (an "R-like" sound) is produced in the back of the vocal tract (usually with the uvula) rather than in the front portion thereof and thus as a guttural consonant. Speakers of languages with guttural R typically regard guttural and coronal rhotics (throat-back-R and tongue-tip-R) to be alternative pronunciations of the same phoneme (conceptual sound), despite articulatory differences. Similar consonants are found in other parts of the world, but they often have little to no cultural association or interchangeability with coronal rhotics (such as [r], [ɾ], and [ɹ]) and are (perhaps) not rhotics at all.
The guttural realization of a lone rhotic consonant is typical in most of what is now France, French-speaking Belgium, most of Germany, large parts of the Netherlands, Denmark, the southern parts of Sweden and southwestern parts of Norway. It is also frequent in Flanders, eastern Austria, Yiddish (and hence Ashkenazi Hebrew), and among all French and some German speakers in Switzerland.
Outside of central Europe, it also occurs as the normal pronunciation of one of two rhotic phonemes (usually replacing an older alveolar trill) in standard European Portuguese and in other parts of Portugal, particularly the Azores, various parts of Brazil, among minorities of other Portuguese-speaking regions, and in parts of Puerto Rico, Cuba and the Dominican Republic.
IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. GutturalR is the phenomenon whereby a rhotic consonant (an "R-like" sound) is produced in the back of the...
Guttural speech sounds are those with a primary place of articulation near the back of the oral cavity, where it is difficult to distinguish a sound's...
represents this sound is ⟨ʀ⟩, a small capital version of the Latin letter r. This consonant is one of several collectively called gutturalR. Features of the voiced...
⟨r⟩ if rhotic. This consonant is one of the several collectively called gutturalR when found in European languages. The voiced uvular approximant is also...
voiceless glottal fricative [h] or voiceless uvular fricative [χ]. See also GutturalR § Portuguese. /s/ and /z/ are normally lamino-alveolar, as in English...
or after a voiceless obstruent or at the end of a sentence. See French gutturalr and map at right. Velars /k/ and /ɡ/ may become palatalised to [kʲ⁓c]...
semivowel /j/, no raising of final unstressed /e/, alveolar trill /r/ instead of the gutturalR, and lateral realization of coda /l/ instead of L-vocalization...
dialects do not have these retroflex sounds; in these areas a guttural realization of the /r/ phoneme is commonplace, and seems to be expanding. Depending...
the speakers, like in most varieties of standard German or Yiddish. see GutturalR the pronunciation (by many speakers) of tzere < ֵ > as [eɪ] in some contexts...
Brazilian Portuguese (depending on phonotactics). Uvular (popularly called gutturalr): The back of the tongue approaches the soft palate or the uvula. The...
Sunnhordland Sørlandske dialekter (Southern dialects) have /p, t, k/-voicing, gutturalR and a-endings, and is spoken in the eastern part of Agder and part of...
that do not usually include this characteristic.[citation needed] The gutturalr sound can, however, still sometimes be detected amongst elderly populations...
carried the Yiddish pronunciation. Some Iraqi Jews also pronounce rêš as a guttural [ʀ], reflecting Baghdad Jewish Arabic. Though an Ashkenazi Jew in the Russian...
considerably with dialect. See GutturalR in Portuguese, for details. Syllable-initial ⟨r⟩ and doubled ⟨rr⟩ are pronounced as a guttural [ʁ] in most cities in Portugal...
in Spanish) and a voiced uvular fricative or trill (as in French, see GutturalR), depending on variations in the local dialects of German and Yiddish...
Guttural pouches are large, auditory-tube diverticula that contain between 300 and 600 ml of air. They are present in odd-toed mammals, some bats, hyraxes...
softened ⟨w⟩ after guttural consonants has mixed with the guttural ⟨r⟩ of earlier generations and also turned into an American ⟨r⟩ and so German gewesen...
trill fricatives. Index of phonetics articles Voiceless velar fricative Guttural Baker, Peter Stuar (2012). Introduction to Old English (3rd ed.). pp. 15...
languages of the Indian subcontinent.[citation needed] The spread of the gutturalR from either German or French to several Northern European languages. Contrast...
instance, ⟨r⟩ tends to be pronounced as the historic alveolar trill of pre-20th Century French instead of the now standard uvular trill or 'gutturalR.' The...
Europeans) /ʁ/, as well what would be coda /ɾ/ (when it is not pre-vocalic) in European Portuguese, may be realized as various voiceless and voiced guttural-like...
languages (Occitan, Catalan, Spanish) to denote a trilled /r/ or a gutturalR, instead of the flap /ɾ/. SC: used before E or I in Italian, Romance languages...
occurred and whether the development is connected with the spread of gutturalR throughout much of Western Europe are both unknown. Heslop (1892) refers...
voiceless uvular fricative [χ]. See also GutturalR in Portuguese. All those variants are transcribed with ⟨ʁ⟩ in this article. /s/ and /z/ are normally...
) Allophone of /ʁ/. [h, ɦ] are marginal sounds to many speakers, particularly out of Brazil. See Portuguese phonology and gutturalR Many speakers hashi...
before /i/. Uvularization Place of articulation List of phonetics topics GutturalR Retracted vowels Vaux, Bert (1999). "A Note on Pharyngeal Features". Harvard...
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