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This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
In phonetics, rhotic consonants, or "R-like" sounds, are liquid consonants that are traditionally represented orthographically by symbols derived from the Greek letter rho, including ⟨R⟩, ⟨r⟩ in the Latin script and ⟨Р⟩, ⟨p⟩ in the Cyrillic script. They are transcribed in the International Phonetic Alphabet by upper- or lower-case variants of Roman ⟨R⟩, ⟨r⟩:[1]⟨r⟩, ⟨ɾ⟩, ⟨ɹ⟩, ⟨ɻ⟩, ⟨ʀ⟩, ⟨ʁ⟩, ⟨ɽ⟩, and ⟨ɺ⟩. Transcriptions for vocalic or semivocalic realisations of underlying rhotics include the ⟨ə̯⟩ and ⟨ɐ̯⟩.
This class of sounds is difficult to characterise phonetically; from a phonetic standpoint, there is no single articulatory correlate (manner or place) common to rhotic consonants.[2] Rhotics have instead been found to carry out similar phonological functions or to have certain similar phonological features across different languages.[3]
Being "R-like" is an elusive and ambiguous concept phonetically and the same sounds that function as rhotics in some systems may pattern with fricatives, semivowels or even stops in others.[4] For example, the alveolar flap is a rhotic consonant in many languages, but in North American English, the alveolar tap is an allophone of the stop phoneme /t/, as in water. It is likely that rhotics are not a phonetically natural class but a phonological class.[5]
Some languages have rhotic and non-rhotic varieties, which differ in the incidence of rhotic consonants. In non-rhotic accents of English, /ɹ/ is not pronounced unless it is followed directly by a vowel.
^Cite error: The named reference ladefoged1996sounds was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Wiese, Richard (2001). "The phonology of /r/". In T Alan Hall (ed.). Distinctive Feature Theory. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-017033-7.
^Wiese, Richard (2011). "The representation of rhotics". In van Oostendorp, Marc; Ewen, Colin; Hume, Elizabeth; Rice, Keren (eds.). The Blackwell Companion to Phonology. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 711–729.
^Chabot, Alex (2019). "What's wrong with being a rhotic?". Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics. 4 ((1)38): 1–24. doi:10.5334/gjgl.618.
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and transcription delimiters. Guttural R is the phenomenon whereby a rhoticconsonant (an "R-like" sound) is produced in the back of the vocal tract (usually...
sound change that converts one consonant (usually a voiced alveolar consonant: /z/, /d/, /l/, or /n/) to a rhoticconsonant in a certain environment. The...
modifies a vowel in non-rhotic accents. This article is concerned with consonant sounds, however they are written. Consonants and vowels correspond to...
specially behaving postvocalic consonant in the English language is the postvocalic "r," often known as the English rhoticconsonant, whose behavior alone divides...
following rhoticconsonant, such as sobre 'over', madre 'mother', ministro 'minister'. The trill is found in words where the rhoticconsonant is preceded...
§ Brackets and transcription delimiters. Liquids are a class of consonants that consists of rhotics and voiced lateral approximants, sometimes described as "r-like...
of Arabic, have a voiced uvular fricative but do not treat it as a rhoticconsonant. However, Modern Hebrew and some modern varieties of Arabic also both...
Linking R and intrusive R are sandhi phenomena where the rhoticconsonant is pronounced as sound /r/ between two consecutive vowels with the purpose of...
articulated nearer to prealveolar and postalveolar, respectively. The normal rhoticconsonant (r-sound) in American English is a retroflex approximant [ɻ] (the equivalent...
languages[citation needed] only have one phonemic rhoticconsonant. As a result, rhoticconsonants are generally transcribed with the ⟨r⟩ character. This...
or both) or a rhoticconsonant (like the alveolar trill or the alveolar approximant). If the alveolar flap is the only rhoticconsonant in the language...
or following voiced consonants. The occurrence of it as a trill [r] is heard word-medially when after a vowel and before a consonant, but is for the most...
become largely limited to a decorative function. ⟨R⟩ represents a rhoticconsonant in English, such as the alveolar approximant (most varieties), alveolar...
sibilant (fricative or affricate) and nonsibilant (stop, nasal, lateral, rhotic) consonants can have a retroflex articulation. The greatest variety of combinations...
fricative, /x/, sometimes written <h>) two liquid consonants: l (a lateral consonant) r (a rhoticconsonant), which Jagersma argues was realised as a tap...
is actually a sulcal schwa, retaining the sulcality of the original rhoticconsonant. Accordingly, the realization of the /ə/-element of the centring diphthongs...
Early Modern English was rhotic. In other words, the r was always pronounced, but the precise nature of the typical rhoticconsonant remains unclear. [citation...
Syriac rēš ܪ, and Arabic rāʾ ر. Its sound value is one of a number of rhoticconsonants: usually [r] or [ɾ], but also [ʁ] or [ʀ] in Hebrew and North Mesopotamian...
when it is not clear whether the rhotic (r-sound) in a language is a tap or a trill. Lateral consonant Liquid consonant Nicolosi, Lucille; Harryman, Elizabeth;...
transcription delimiters. In linguistics, a consonant cluster, consonant sequence or consonant compound, is a group of consonants which have no intervening vowel...
the consonant system of West Germanic from Proto-Germanic are: Fortition of /ð/ to /d/ in all positions The transition of /z/ into a rhoticconsonant (often...
English of Delhi often has yod-dropping after coronals, unlike RP. The rhoticconsonant /r/ is pronounced by most speakers as an alveolar tap [ɾ], but may...
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