Covalent attachment and further modification of carbohydrate residues to a substrate molecule
Not to be confused with Glycation.
See also: Chemical glycosylation
Glycosylation is the reaction in which a carbohydrate (or 'glycan'), i.e. a glycosyl donor, is attached to a hydroxyl or other functional group of another molecule (a glycosyl acceptor) in order to form a glycoconjugate. In biology (but not always in chemistry), glycosylation usually refers to an enzyme-catalysed reaction, whereas glycation (also 'non-enzymatic glycation' and 'non-enzymatic glycosylation') may refer to a non-enzymatic reaction.[1]
Glycosylation is a form of co-translational and post-translational modification. Glycans serve a variety of structural and functional roles in membrane and secreted proteins.[2] The majority of proteins synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum undergo glycosylation. Glycosylation is also present in the cytoplasm and nucleus as the O-GlcNAc modification. Aglycosylation is a feature of engineered antibodies to bypass glycosylation.[3][4] Five classes of glycans are produced:
N-linked glycans attached to a nitrogen of asparagine or arginine side-chains. N-linked glycosylation requires participation of a special lipid called dolichol phosphate.
O-linked glycans attached to the hydroxyl oxygen of serine, threonine, tyrosine, hydroxylysine, or hydroxyproline side-chains, or to oxygens on lipids such as ceramide.
Phosphoglycans linked through the phosphate of a phosphoserine.
C-linked glycans, a rare form of glycosylation where a sugar is added to a carbon on a tryptophan side-chain. Aloin is one of the few naturally occurring substances.
Glypiation, which is the addition of a GPI anchor that links proteins to lipids through glycan linkages.
^Lima, M.; Baynes, J.W. (2013). "Glycation". In Lennarz, William J.; Lane, M. Daniel (eds.). Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry (Second ed.). Academic Press. pp. 405–411. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-378630-2.00120-1. ISBN 9780123786319.
^Varki A, Cummings RD, Esko JD, Freeze HH, Stanley P, Bertozzi CR, Hart GW, Etzler ME (2009). Varki A (ed.). Essentials of Glycobiology (2nd ed.). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories Press. ISBN 978-0-87969-770-9. PMID 20301239.
^Jung ST, Kang TH, Kelton W, Georgiou G (December 2011). "Bypassing glycosylation: engineering aglycosylated full-length IgG antibodies for human therapy". Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 22 (6): 858–67. doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2011.03.002. PMID 21420850.
^"Transgenic plants of Nicotiana tabacum L. express aglycosylated monoclonal antibody with antitumor activity". Biotecnologia Aplicada. 2013.
Glycosylation is the reaction in which a carbohydrate (or 'glycan'), i.e. a glycosyl donor, is attached to a hydroxyl or other functional group of another...
cotranslational or posttranslational modification. This process is known as glycosylation. Secreted extracellular proteins are often glycosylated. In proteins...
Glycation (non-enzymatic glycosylation) is the covalent attachment of a sugar to a protein, lipid or nucleic acid molecule. Typical sugars that participate...
of larger polysaccharides such as starch or cellulose. In biology, glycosylation is the process by which a carbohydrate is covalently attached to an...
A chemical glycosylation reaction involves the coupling of a glycosyl donor, to a glycosyl acceptor forming a glycoside. If both the donor and acceptor...
liver. It contains three disulfide bonds and a total of four possible glycosylation sites. α-Antithrombin is the dominant form of antithrombin found in...
There are broadly two types of glycosylation, N-linked glycosylation and O-linked glycosylation. N-linked glycosylation starts in the endoplasmic reticulum...
Fischer glycosidation (or Fischer glycosylation) refers to the formation of a glycoside by the reaction of an aldose or ketose with an alcohol in the...
reaction in the stereoselective synthesis of alkyl D-glucopyranosides via glycosylation, with the exception of using lithium carbonate which is less expensive...
human metabolism, especially in the glycosylation of certain proteins. Several congenital disorders of glycosylation are associated with mutations in enzymes...
recessive disease that is the most common type of congenital disorder of glycosylation or CDG. PMM2-CDG is the most common of a growing family of more than...
"Anatomy of an IgG". The Fc regions of IgGs bear a highly conserved N-glycosylation site at asparagine 297 in the constant region of the heavy chain. The...
composition of the carbohydrate moiety, and glycosylation pattern. Furthermore, controlled chemical de-glycosylation of native draculin progressively leads...
exchanged during glycosylation from the glycosyl donor, the electrophile, to the glycosyl acceptor, the nucleophile. The outcome of the glycosylation reaction...
possible treatments. Another well-studied chemical modification is glycosylation. Glycosylation is the process by which sugar molecules are attached to protein...
mass differences indicate potential glycosylation between protein and carbohydrates in potatoes. This glycosylation may play a role in the protein's functional...
Flavonoids are synthesized by the phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway in which the amino acid phenylalanine is used to produce 4-coumaroyl-CoA. This can...
importance in processing proteins for secretion, containing a set of glycosylation enzymes that attach various sugar monomers to proteins as the proteins...
that sufferers lack a sugar in part of their immune system, namely the glycosylation of glycans on Immunoglobulin G (IgC). Directed by Vivienne King, made...
dendrites. The binding with dystroglycan (DG) depends on several factors (glycosylation of DG, presence of divalent cations, presence of other proteins). A...
monosaccharides or oligosaccharides through glycosidic bonds is called glycosylation. Carbohydrate synthesis aims to generate the polysaccharides with controlled...
study also identified 18 rare alleles, which generally have a weaker glycosylation activity. People with weak alleles of A can sometimes express anti-A...
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