Ghaznavid Empire at its greatest extent in 1030 CE under Mahmud.[1][2]
Status
Empire
Capital
Ghazni (977–1163) Lahore (1163–1186)
Common languages
Persian[a] (official and court language; lingua franca) Arabic (theology) Turkic (military)[4]
Religion
Sunni Islam Hinduism (majority in India)
Government
Hereditary monarchy
Sultan
• 977–997
Sabuktigin (first)
• 1160–1186
Khusrau Malik (last)
Vizier
• 998–1013
Abu'l-Hasan Isfaraini (first mentioned)
• 12th century
Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah (last mentioned)
Historical era
Medieval
• Established
977
• Disestablished
1186
Area
1029 estimate[5][6]
3,400,000 km2 (1,300,000 sq mi)
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Samanids
Saffarid dynasty
Ma'munids
Farighunids
Hindu Shahi
Emirate of Multan
Chaulukya dynasty
Branches of Rashtrakuta dynasty
Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty
Habbari dynasty
Seljuk Empire
Ghurid dynasty
The Ghaznavid dynasty (Persian: غزنویانĠaznaviyān) or the Ghaznavid Empire was a Persianate Muslim dynasty and empire of Turkic mamluk origin,[b] ruling at its greatest extent, large parts of Iran, Khorasan, and the northwest Indian subcontinent from 977 to 1186. The dynasty was founded by Sabuktigin upon his succession to the rule of Ghazna after the death of his father-in-law, Alp Tigin, who was an ex-general of the Samanid Empire from Balkh.
Sabuktigin's son, Mahmud of Ghazni, expanded the Ghaznavid Empire to the Amu Darya, the Indus River and the Indian Ocean in the east and to Rey and Hamadan in the west. Under the reign of Mas'ud I, the Ghaznavid dynasty began losing control over its western territories to the Seljuk Empire after the Battle of Dandanaqan in 1040, resulting in a restriction of its holdings to modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northern India.
In 1151, Sultan Bahram Shah lost Ghazni to the Ghurid sultan Ala al-Din Husayn. The Ghaznavids retook Ghazni, but lost the city to the Ghuzz Turks who in turn lost it to Muhammad of Ghor. In response, the Ghaznavids fled to Lahore, their regional capital. In 1186, Lahore was conquered by the Ghurid sultan, Muhammad of Ghor, with its Ghaznavid ruler, Khusrau Malik, imprisoned and later executed.
Sultan Mahmud and his forces attacking the fortress of Zaranj in 1003 CE. Jami al-Tawarikh, 1314 CE.[9]
^Schwartzberg 1978, p. 146.
^Bosworth, C.E. (1 January 1998). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. UNESCO. pp. 430–431. ISBN 978-92-3-103467-1.
^Katouzian 2003, p. 128.
^Bosworth 1963, p. 134.
^Turchin, Adams & Hall 2006, p. 223.
^Taagepera 1997, p. 496.
^Peacock, A. C. S. (1 February 2013). Early Seljuq History: A New Interpretation. Routledge. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-135-15369-4. The Ghaznavids claimed descent from the last Sasanian shah, Yazdagird III...
^O'Kane, Bernard (2009). The Appearance of Persian on Islamic Art. Persian Heritage Foundation. ISBN 978-1-934283-16-5. a fictitious genealogy connecting them with the Sasanian monarch Yazdegerd III had been promulgated
^"Medieval Catapult Illustrated in the Jami' al-Tawarikh". IEEE Reach. Mahmud ibn Sebuktegin attacks the rebel fortress (Arg) of Zarang in Sijistan in 1003 AD
Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).
Husayn. The Ghaznavids retook Ghazni, but lost the city to the Ghuzz Turks who in turn lost it to Muhammad of Ghor. In response, the Ghaznavids fled to Lahore...
acknowledging the nominal suzerainty of the Ghaznavids. The seven forts of Kannauj fell in one day to the Ghaznavids. Following this development, Mahmud engaged...
foundation for the Ghaznavids to establish their dominance over parts of present-day Afghanistan and northern India. The Ghaznavid campaigns in India...
seized Lahore and expelled the Ghaznavids from their last stronghold. The Ghurids initially ruled as vassals of the Ghaznavids and later of the Seljuks. However...
Encyclopædia Britannica (Online Edition) Ghaznavid Dynasty Encyclopædia Britannica (Online Edition) Ghaznavids and Ghurids Encyclopædia Britannica (Online...
Penguin Books, p. 40, ISBN 978-1844670208 "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Ghaznavids". Coinindia.com. Retrieved 25 March 2019. Bi-Lingual Jital, 1041-1050...
present-day Afghanistan, between the Ghaznavid empire under Sabuktigin and the Hindu Shahis under Jayapala in 988 CE. The Ghaznavids defeated the Hindu Shahis and...
Yusofi 1988, pp. 889–894. C.E. Bosworth, The Later Ghaznavids, 116-117. Encyclopedia Iranica, Ghaznavids, Edmund Bosworth, Online Edition 2007, (LINK Archived...
royal poet at the court of the Ghaznavids in Ghazni Farrukhi Sistani, Persian royal poet at the court of the Ghaznavids, spent most of his life in Ghazni...
Early Ghaznavids". In Frye, R.N. (ed.). The Cambridge History of Iran. Vol. 4. Cambridge University Press. Bosworth, C.E. (2012). "Ghaznavids". Encyclopaedia...
the province of Khurasan, where they encountered the Ghaznavids. The Seljuks defeated the Ghaznavids at the Battle of Nasa Plains in 1035. Seljuk's grandsons...
Ghaznavids, then the Ghorids. The relation between the Ghaznavids and the Baloch had never been peaceful. Turan and Makuran came under the Ghaznavids...
was the conservative heavily-laden army of Ghaznavid Turks. Seljuq Turkmens also destroyed the Ghaznavids' supply lines and so cut them off the nearby...
1186 itself. Thus, Mu'izz al-Din overthrew the Ghaznavids by 1186. After the campaigns against the Ghaznavids, Muhammad captured the upper Indus plain and...
who resided in the Yabgu Khaganate. In 1040, the Seljuks defeated the Ghaznavids at the Battle of Dandanaqan and established the Seljuk Empire in Greater...
Afghanistan. The Ghaznavids defeated the Hindu Shahis and emerged victorious in the battle. This battle laid the foundation for the Ghaznavids to establish...
Muhammad's army; thereafter, Maw'dud had Muhammad and his family executed. Ghaznavids Ghurid dynasty Khosro of Ghazni Bosworth 1996, p. 296. Bosworth 1985....
stopped recognizing the Ghaznavids as his suzerain. Mawdud was succeeded by his son, Mas'ud II. C.E. Bosworth, The Later Ghaznavids, 35. Bosworth 1968, p...
from unidentified Rajahs, and met with the Ghaznavids near Kindi (modern day Kandibagh?). The Ghaznavids breached the enemy lines repeatedly using light...
political power. In 999, large portions of Iran briefly occupied by the Ghaznavids, and longer subsequently under the Seljuk and Khwarezmian empires. The...
its southern regions, the Samma, the Hindu Shahis, the Shah Miris, the Ghaznavids, the Delhi Sultanate, the Mughals, and most recently, the British Raj...
the Early Ghaznavids". Oriens. 15 (1). Brill: 210–233. doi:10.1163/19606028_027_02-13. ISSN 1877-8372. ——— (1961). The transition from Ghaznavid to Seljuq...
the rulership of Kannauj by promising to pay a tribute to the Ghaznavids. The Ghaznavid raids of the Gahadavala kingdom resulted from the non-payment...
from unidentified Rajahs, and met with the Ghaznavids near Kindi (modern day Kandibagh - ?). The Ghaznavids breached the enemy lines repeatedly using light...
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Habbari dynasty
