Seljuk dynasty information

Seljuk dynasty
Seljuk dynasty
	Double-headed eagle, used as a symbol by several Seljuk rulers including Kayqubad I
Country	Seljuk Empire; Sultanate of Rum
Founded	10th century – Seljuk
Titles	Sultan of Seljuk Empire; Sultan of Rum; Sultan of Kermân (or Kirmân); Emir of Damascus; Emir of Aleppo;
Traditions	Sunni Islam (Maturidi Hanafi)
Dissolution	Damascus:; 1104 – Baktāsh (Ertaş), dethroned by Toghtekin Great Seljuk:; 1194 – Toghrul III was killed in battle with Tekish Rum:; 1308 – Mesud II died

The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids^[1]^[2] (/ˈsɛldʒʊk/ SEL-juuk; Persian: سلجوقیان Saljuqian,^[3] alternatively spelled as Seljuqs or Saljuqs), Seljuqs, also known as Seljuk Turks,^[4] Seljuk Turkomans^[5] or the Saljuqids,^[6] was an Oghuz Turkic, Sunni Muslim dynasty that gradually became Persianate and contributed to Turco-Persian culture^[7]^[8] in West Asia and Central Asia. The Seljuks established the Seljuk Empire (1037–1194), the Sultanate of Kermân (1041–1186) and the Sultanate of Rum (1074–1308), which stretched from Iran to Anatolia and were the prime targets of the First Crusade.

^ Neiberg, Michael S. (2002). Warfare in World History. Routledge. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-1-134-58342-3.
^ Harris, Jonathan (2014). Byzantium and the Crusades. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 39–45. ISBN 978-1-78093-736-6.
^ Rāvandī, Muḥammad (1385). Rāḥat al-ṣudūr va āyat al-surūr dar tārīkh-i āl-i saljūq. Tihrān: Intishārāt-i Asāṭīr. ISBN 978-964-331-366-1.
^ Tetley, G.E (2009). Hillenbrand, Carole (ed.). The Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks: Poetry as a Source for Iranian History. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 1–16. ISBN 978-0-415-43119-4.
^ Fleet, Kate (2009). The Cambridge History of Turkey: Byzantium to Turkey, 1071–1453: Volume 1 (PDF). Cambridge University Press. p. 1. "The defeat in August 1071 of the Byzantine emperor Romanos Diogenes by the Turkomans at the battle of Malazgirt (Manzikert) is taken as a turning point in the history of Anatolia and the Byzantine Empire."
^ "The Saljuqids". Encyclopædia Iranica.
^ Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 161, 164; "renewed the Seljuk attempt to found a great Turko-Persian empire in eastern Iran…", "It is to be noted that the Seljuks, those Turkomans who became sultans of Persia, did not Turkify Persia-no doubt because they did not wish to do so. On the contrary, it was they who voluntarily became Persians and who, in the manner of the great old Sassanid kings, strove to protect the Iranian populations from the plundering of Ghuzz bands and save Iranian culture from the Turkoman menace."
^ Nishapuri, Zahir al-Din Nishapuri (2001), "The History of the Seljuq Turks from the Jami’ al-Tawarikh: An Ilkhanid Adaptation of the Saljuq-nama of Zahir al-Din Nishapuri," Partial tr. K.A. Luther, ed. C.E. Bosworth, Richmond, UK. K.A. Luther, p. 9: "[T]he Turks were illiterate and uncultivated when they arrived in Khurasan and had to depend on Iranian scribes, poets, jurists and theologians to man the institution of the Empire")

[1] Neiberg, Michael S. (2002). Warfare in World History. Routledge. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-1-134-58342-3.

[2] Harris, Jonathan (2014). Byzantium and the Crusades. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 39–45. ISBN 978-1-78093-736-6.

[3] Rāvandī, Muḥammad (1385). Rāḥat al-ṣudūr va āyat al-surūr dar tārīkh-i āl-i saljūq. Tihrān: Intishārāt-i Asāṭīr. ISBN 978-964-331-366-1.

[4] Tetley, G.E (2009). Hillenbrand, Carole (ed.). The Ghaznavid and Seljuk Turks: Poetry as a Source for Iranian History. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 1–16. ISBN 978-0-415-43119-4.

[manzikert-5] Fleet, Kate (2009). The Cambridge History of Turkey: Byzantium to Turkey, 1071–1453: Volume 1 (PDF). Cambridge University Press. p. 1. "The defeat in August 1071 of the Byzantine emperor Romanos Diogenes by the Turkomans at the battle of Malazgirt (Manzikert) is taken as a turning point in the history of Anatolia and the Byzantine Empire."

[6] "The Saljuqids". Encyclopædia Iranica.

[7] Grousset, Rene, The Empire of the Steppes, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 161, 164; "renewed the Seljuk attempt to found a great Turko-Persian empire in eastern Iran…", "It is to be noted that the Seljuks, those Turkomans who became sultans of Persia, did not Turkify Persia-no doubt because they did not wish to do so. On the contrary, it was they who voluntarily became Persians and who, in the manner of the great old Sassanid kings, strove to protect the Iranian populations from the plundering of Ghuzz bands and save Iranian culture from the Turkoman menace."

[8] Nishapuri, Zahir al-Din Nishapuri (2001), "The History of the Seljuq Turks from the Jami’ al-Tawarikh: An Ilkhanid Adaptation of the Saljuq-nama of Zahir al-Din Nishapuri," Partial tr. K.A. Luther, ed. C.E. Bosworth, Richmond, UK. K.A. Luther, p. 9: "[T]he Turks were illiterate and uncultivated when they arrived in Khurasan and had to depend on Iranian scribes, poets, jurists and theologians to man the institution of the Empire")

Seljuk dynasty information

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Nomadic empire

Seljuk dynasty
Double-headed eagle, used as a symbol by several Seljuk rulers including Kayqubad I
Country	Seljuk Empire Sultanate of Rum
Founded	10th century – Seljuk
Titles	Sultan of Seljuk Empire Sultan of Rum Sultan of Kermân (or Kirmân) Emir of Damascus Emir of Aleppo
Traditions	Sunni Islam (Maturidi Hanafi)
Dissolution	Damascus: 1104 – Baktāsh (Ertaş), dethroned by Toghtekin Great Seljuk: 1194 – Toghrul III was killed in battle with Tekish Rum: 1308 – Mesud II died