Polymeric Si–O–Al framework similar to zeolites but amorphous
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A geopolymer is an inorganic, typically ceramic-like, material that forms covalently bonded, non-crystalline (amorphous) networks. Many geopolymers may also be classified as alkali-activated cements or acid-activated binders. They are mainly produced by a chemical reaction between a chemically reactive aluminosilicate powder (e.g. metakaolin or other clay-derived powders, natural pozzolan, or suitable glasses), and an aqueous solution (alkaline or acidic) that causes this powder to react and re-form into a solid monolith. The most common pathway to produce geopolymers is by the reaction of metakaolin with sodium silicate, which is an alkaline solution, but other processes are also possible.[1]
Commercially produced geopolymers may be used for fire- and heat-resistant coatings and adhesives, medicinal applications, high-temperature ceramics, new binders for fire-resistant fiber composites, toxic and radioactive waste encapsulation, and as cementing components in making or repairing concretes. The properties and uses of geopolymers are being explored in many scientific and industrial disciplines: modern inorganic chemistry, physical chemistry, colloid chemistry, mineralogy, geology, and in other types of engineering process technologies.
The original raw materials used in the synthesis of geopolymers were mainly rock-forming minerals of geological origin, hence the name: geopolymer was coined by Joseph Davidovits in 1978.[2] These materials and associated terminology were then popularized over the following decades via his work with the Institut Géopolymère (Geopolymer Institute).
Geopolymers can be synthesized in one of two conditions:
in alkaline medium (Na+, K+, Li+, Cs+, Ca2+…)
in acidic medium (phosphoric acid: H3PO4)
The alkaline route is the most important in terms of research and development and commercial applications and will be described below. Details on the acidic route have also been published.[3][4]
^W.M. Kriven, C. Leonelli, J.L. Provis, A.R. Boccaccini, C. Attwell, V.S. Ducman, C. Ferone, S. Rossignol, T. Luukkonen, J.S.J. van Deventer, J.V. Emiliano, J.E. Lombardi (2024), Why geopolymers and alkali-activated materials are key components of a sustainable world: A perspective contribution. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.19828
^An article published by the Commission of the European Communities in 1982 outlines the reasons why the generic term geopolymer was chosen for this new chemistry. See: J. Davidovits, The Need to Create a New Technical Language For the Transfer of Basic Scientific Information, in Transfer and Exploitation of Scientific and Technical Information, Proceedings of the symposium, Luxemburg, 10–12 June 1981, pp. 316-320. http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/transfer-and-exploitation-of-scientific-and-technical-information-pbCD3381271/
^Wagh, A.S. (2004). Chemically Bonded Phosphate Ceramics – A Novel Class of Geopolymers. Proceedings of the 106th annual meeting of the American Ceramic Society, Indianapolis. See also, Chapter 13, Phosphate-based Geopolymers, in J. Davidovits' book Geopolymer Chemistry and Applications.
^Perera, D.S., Hanna, J.V., Davis, J., Blackford, M.G., Latella, B.A., Sasaki, Y. and Vance E.R. (2008). Relative strengths of phosphoric acid-reacted and alkali-reacted metakaolin materials. J. Mater. Sci.,43, 6562–6566.
A geopolymer is an inorganic, typically ceramic-like, material that forms covalently bonded, non-crystalline (amorphous) networks. Many geopolymers may...
minerals are also referred to as zeolites. Aluminium silicate Feldspar Geopolymer cement Silicate minerals Calcium aluminosilicate Sodium aluminosilicate...
Godefroy. Davidovits, Joseph (2008). Geopolymer Chemistry and Applications. Saint Quentin, France: Geopolymer Institute. Davidovits, Joseph (2009). De...
geopolymers. Geopolymers are amorphous aluminosilicates whose production requires less energy than that of ordinary Portland cement. So, geopolymer cements...
content, the RHA (rice husk ash) can be used as a precursor material for geopolymer concrete. To achieve the best pozzolanic properties the combustion of...
of geopolymer binder, wood fibers/ wood particles. Depending on the wood and geopolymer ratio in the material, the properties of the wood-geopolymer composite...
activator such as sodium silicate (water glass) to a Class F ash can form a geopolymer. Class "C": Fly ash produced from the burning of younger lignite or sub-bituminous...
concretes.[citation needed] Geopolymer cement is an alternative to ordinary Portland cement and is used to produce Geopolymer concrete by adding regular...
ISBN 978-0-500-28547-3. Davidovits, Joseph (20 May 2008). They Built the Pyramids. Geopolymer Institute. p. 206. ISBN 978-2-9514820-2-9. "Egypt Pyramids-Time Line"...
(EMC) – Class of cements, mechanically processed to transform reactivity Geopolymer – Polymeric Si–O–Al framework similar to zeolites but amorphous Roman...
with any natural material, such cements have highly variable properties. Geopolymer cements are made from mixtures of water-soluble alkali metal silicates...
show that the maximum compressive and flexural strength of the 'lunar' geopolymer is comparable to that of conventional cements. JSC-1 and JSC-1A are now...
aggregate and had begun being integrated into the cement industry as a geopolymer. Today, ground granulated blast furnace slags are used in combination...
cement minerals (e.g. alite). Metakaolin is also a base component for geopolymer compounds. To soothe an upset stomach, similar to the way parrots (and...
materials such as particle panels, wood-plastic composites, and cement/geopolymer wood composites. Even though the production of biocomposite materials...
solutions obtained from plants. Research led by Joseph Davidovits of the Geopolymer Institute in France has been offered in support of this hypothesis. However...
from inorganic matter as well as for instance in inorganic polymers and geopolymers. The incorporation of inorganic elements enables the tunability of properties...
I.; Gubaidullina, Alfiya M.; Osin, Yury N. (July 2018). "Marl-based geopolymers incorporated with limestone: A feasibility study". Journal of Non-Crystalline...
as an alternative to laminate or granite. Related materials include geopolymers and cast stone. Unlike terrazzo, the material is factory made in either...
opportunities to advance current understanding of the zeolite conundrum. Geopolymer – Polymeric Si–O–Al framework similar to zeolites but amorphous List of...
"Comparative structural study of meteoritic polymer with terrestrial geopolymers coal and kerogen (abstract)". Meteoritics. 18: 310. Kim; Yang (1998)...
These resulting units can then polycondense to form geopolymers. The formation of geopolymers in this way accounts for the large molecular weights and...
synthetic geopolymers provide many of the same binding properties as Portland cement. Compared to other polymer additives, many geopolymers are quite...
Harper & Brother 1911), p. ix. They Built the Pyramids, Joseph Davidovits, Geopolymer Institute, 2008, p. 27. Pseudoscience and the Paranormal, Prometheus Books...
synthesize geopolymers. Geopolymeric binder combined with metakaolin can yield material with desired silicon, aluminum, and calcium contents. Geopolymer concrete...
smart inorganic polymers. A special class of inorganic polymers are geopolymers, which may be anthropogenic or naturally occurring. Traditionally, the...
and sustainability. She is the sole artist licensed to use Noxtek, a geopolymer that absorbs nitrogen dioxide pollution from the air. Pradissitto was...
pigments, oil drilling or gas extraction, filler for PVC, wood substitute, geopolymers, catalysts, plasma spray coating of aluminium and copper, manufacture...
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