For broader coverage of this topic, see Spatial reference system.
Geodesy
Fundamentals
Geodesy
Geodynamics
Geomatics
History
Concepts
Geographical distance
Geoid
Figure of the Earth (radius and circumference)
Geodetic coordinates
Geodetic datum
Geodesic
Horizontal position representation
Latitude / Longitude
Map projection
Reference ellipsoid
Satellite geodesy
Spatial reference system
Spatial relations
Vertical positions
Technologies
Global Nav. Sat. Systems (GNSSs)
Global Pos. System (GPS)
GLONASS (Russia)
BeiDou (BDS) (China)
Galileo (Europe)
NAVIC (India)
Quasi-Zenith Sat. Sys. (QZSS) (Japan)
Discrete Global Grid and Geocoding
Standards (history)
NGVD 29
Sea Level Datum 1929
OSGB36
Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936
SK-42
Systema Koordinat 1942 goda
ED50
European Datum 1950
SAD69
South American Datum 1969
GRS 80
Geodetic Reference System 1980
ISO 6709
Geographic point coord. 1983
NAD 83
North American Datum 1983
WGS 84
World Geodetic System 1984
NAVD 88
N. American Vertical Datum 1988
ETRS89
European Terrestrial Ref. Sys. 1989
GCJ-02
Chinese obfuscated datum 2002
Geo URI
Internet link to a point 2010
International Terrestrial Reference System
Spatial Reference System Identifier (SRID)
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
v
t
e
Longitude lines are perpendicular to and latitude lines are parallel to the Equator
A geographic coordinate system (GCS) is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on the Earth as latitude and longitude.[1] It is the simplest, oldest and most widely used of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms the basis for most others. Although latitude and longitude form a coordinate tuple like a cartesian coordinate system, the geographic coordinate system is not cartesian because the measurements are angles and are not on a planar surface.[2]
A full GCS specification, such as those listed in the EPSG and ISO 19111 standards, also includes a choice of geodetic datum (including an Earth ellipsoid), as different datums will yield different latitude and longitude values for the same location.[3]
^Chang, Kang-tsung (2016). Introduction to Geographic Information Systems (9th ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-259-92964-9.
^DiBiase, David. "The Nature of Geographic Information". Archived from the original on 19 February 2024. Retrieved 18 February 2024.
^"Using the EPSG geodetic parameter dataset, Guidance Note 7-1". EPSG Geodetic Parameter Dataset. Geomatic Solutions. Archived from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
and 25 Related for: Geographic coordinate system information
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Global Information
