For the bibliographic database about the geosciences, see GeoRef.
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Grid-based method of specifying locations
The World Geographic Reference System (GEOREF) is a geocode, a grid-based method of specifying locations on the surface of the Earth. GEOREF is essentially based on the geographic system of latitude and longitude, but using a simpler and more flexible notation. GEOREF was used primarily in aeronautical charts for air navigation,[1] particularly in military or inter-service applications, but it is rarely seen today.[citation needed] However, GEOREF can be used with any map or chart that has latitude and longitude printed on it.
The WorldGeographicReferenceSystem (GEOREF) is a geocode, a grid-based method of specifying locations on the surface of the Earth. GEOREF is essentially...
referencesystems are now a crucial basis for the sciences and technologies of Geoinformatics, including cartography, geographic information systems,...
A geographic coordinate system (GCS) is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on Earth as latitude...
National Grid (USNG), developed by the Federal Geographic Data Committee. WorldGeographicReferenceSystem (GEOREF) has been used for air navigation, but...
string of characters, which is similar in concept to the WorldGeographicReferenceSystem or GEOREF. This position information is presented in a limited...
among different geographic coordinate systems is made necessary by the different geographic coordinate systems in use across the world and over time. Coordinate...
geodetic system (also: geodetic reference datum, geodetic referencesystem, or geodetic reference frame) is a global datum reference or reference frame for...
often considered a subdiscipline of geography within the branch of technical geography. Geographic information systems are utilized in multiple technologies...
coordinate system – also called a projected coordinate referencesystem, planar coordinate system, or grid referencesystem – is a type of spatial reference system...
navigation, aviation, and geography. Western Cold War preparedness necessitated a standardised, NATO-wide geospatial referencesystem, in accordance with the...
The Geodetic ReferenceSystem 1980 (GRS80) is a geodetic referencesystem consisting of a global reference ellipsoid and a normal gravity model. Geodesy...
The Irish grid referencesystem is a system of geographic grid references used for paper mapping in Ireland (both Northern Ireland and the Republic of...
The Global Area ReferenceSystem (GARS) is a standardized geospatial referencesystem developed by the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) for...
represents a geographic entity (location or object). It is a unique identifier of the entity, to distinguish it from others in a finite set of geographic entities...
The European Terrestrial ReferenceSystem 1989 (ETRS89) is an ECEF (Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed) geodetic Cartesian reference frame, in which the Eurasian...
Survey National Grid referencesystem (OSGB), also known as British National Grid (BNG), is a system of geographic grid references used in Great Britain...
The National Spatial ReferenceSystem (NSRS), managed by the National Geodetic Survey (NGS), is a coordinate system that includes latitude, longitude,...
Information Systems (Pakistan) International Geographical Union (International) National Council for Geographic Education (United States) National Geographic Society...
to produce a spatial representation for descriptive locational references. The geographic coordinates representing locations often vary greatly in positional...
The Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) is a database of name and location information about more than two million physical and cultural features...
Maps with a geographically-referenced wiki system, with the aim to mark and describe all geographical objects in the world. Wikimapia was created in Russia...
represents a geographic space (usually a scanned map or aerial photograph) to a spatial referencesystem, thus locating the digital data in the real world. It...
Geomatics Committee. Most geographic information systems (GIS) and GIS libraries use EPSG codes as Spatial ReferenceSystem Identifiers (SRIDs) and EPSG...
A historical geographic information system (also written as historical GIS or HGIS) is a geographic information system that may display, store and analyze...
standardization and geographic applications, a geodesic reference ellipsoid is the mathematical model used as foundation by spatial referencesystem or geodetic...
technology architectures. The earliest geographic information systems, such as the Canadian Geographic Information System started in 1963, were bespoke programs...
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are an increasingly important component of business, healthcare, security, government, trade, media, transportation...
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