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Genetic studies of Jews are part of the population genetics discipline and are used to analyze the chronology of Jewish migration accompanied by research in other fields, such as history, linguistics, archaeology, and paleontology. These studies investigate the origins of various Jewish ethnic divisions. In particular, they examine whether there is a common genetic heritage among them. The medical genetics of Jews are studied for population-specific diseases.
Studies on Jewish populations have been principally conducted using three types of genealogical DNA tests: autosomal (atDNA), mitochondrial (mtDNA), and Y-chromosome (Y-DNA). atDNA tests, which look at the entire DNA mixture, show that Jewish populations have tended to form genetic isolates – relatively closely related groups in independent communities with most in a community sharing significant ancestry – with Ashkenazi Jews forming the largest such group.[1] mtDNA and Y-DNA tests look at maternal and paternal ancestry respectively, via two small groups of genes transmitted only via female or male ancestors.[2]
Studies on the genetic composition of Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Mizrahi Jewish populations of the Jewish diaspora show significant amounts of shared Middle Eastern ancestry.[3][4] Several Jewish groups show genetic proximity to Lebanese, Palestinians, Bedouins, and Druze in addition to Southern European populations, including Cypriots and Italians.[5][6] Jews living in the North African, Italian, and Iberian regions show variable frequencies of genetic overlap with the historical non-Jewish population along the maternal lines. In the case of Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews (in particular Moroccan Jews), who are closely related, the source of non-Jewish genes is mainly southern European. Some researchers have remarked on an especially close relationship between Ashkenazi Jews and modern Italians.[7][8][9] Some studies show that the Bene Israel and Cochin Jews of India, and the Beta Israel of Ethiopia, while very closely resembling the local populations of their native countries, may have some ancient Jewish descent.[5]
Jews are NOT genomically distinct from non-Jews. [10]
^Blazer, Dan G.; Hernandez, Lyla M., eds. (2006). "The Importance of Ancestral Origin". Genes, Behavior, and the Social Environment: Moving Beyond the Nature/Nurture Debate. National Academies Press. p. 100. ISBN 978-0-309-10196-7. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
^Lewontin 2012, "Ordinary genetics is not sufficient... If one of my ancestors four generations ago were black, there is a good chance I would have inherited none of her pigment genes or so few that they would not be apparent in my own skin color. This random inheritance of genes makes it very difficult to reconstruct the variety of ancestors in remote past generations. Fortunately for those interested in the reconstruction of ancestry there are two useful exceptions to the rule that we inherit only a random one of the two sets of genetic information possessed by each of our parents... The Y chromosome carries very few genes... Thus, by examining the Y chromosome DNA from a group of males in some generation and comparing it to the Y chromosomes of various other populations, we can reconstruct the contribution of males from various sources in previous generations to the present population... Our mitochondria, then, provide us, both male and female, with a record of our maternal ancestry, uncontaminated by their male partners.".
^Katsnelson, Alla (3 June 2010). "Jews worldwide share genetic ties". Nature. doi:10.1038/news.2010.277.
^Frudakis, Tony (2010). "Ashkenazi Jews". Molecular Photofitting: Predicting Ancestry and Phenotype Using DNA. Elsevier. p. 383. ISBN 978-0-08-055137-1. Archived from the original on 9 February 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
^ abCite error: The named reference pmid23052947 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference pmid20560205 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference Behar2010 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Zoossmann-Diskin A (October 2010). "The origin of Eastern European Jews revealed by autosomal, sex chromosomal and mtDNA polymorphisms". Biology Direct. 5: 57. doi:10.1186/1745-6150-5-57. PMC 2964539. PMID 20925954.
^Balter, Michael (8 October 2013). "Did Modern Jews Originate in Italy?". Science. AAAS. Archived from the original on 23 June 2022. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
GeneticstudiesofJews are part of the population genetics discipline and are used to analyze the chronology of Jewish migration accompanied by research...
Birnbaumn, 'French Jews and the "Regeneration" of Algerian Jewry,' in Ezra Mendelsohn (ed.)Studies in Contemporary Jewry: Volume XIX: Jews and the State:...
the discovery of many genetic disorders associated with this ethnic group. The medical genetics of Sephardic Jews and Mizrahi Jews are more complicated...
conducted a study aiming to vindicate it. Geneticstudies on Jews have found no substantive evidence of a Khazar origin among Ashkenazi Jews. Geneticists...
Arabization DNA history of Egypt Genetic history of the Middle East Genetic history of North Africa Geneticstudies on JewsGeneticstudies on Moroccans Hajjej...
Moroccan Jews (Arabic: اليهود المغاربة, romanized: al-Yahūd al-Maghāriba Hebrew: יהודים מרוקאים, romanized: Yehudim Maroka'im) are Jews who live in or...
Yemenite Jews, also known as Yemeni Jews or Teimanim (from Hebrew: יהודי תימן, romanized: Yehude Teman; Arabic: اليهود اليمنيون), are Jews who live, or...
part of a total denial of Jewish history, i.e. that Jews are descended from Canaanites. De-emphasizes geneticstudies showing the predominant DNA of modern...
Italian Jews (Italian: ebrei italiani; Hebrew: יהודים איטלקים) or Roman Jews (Italian: ebrei romani; Hebrew: יהודים רומים) can be used in a broad sense...
Eastern studies. Researchers use Y-DNA, mtDNA, and other autosomal DNAs to identify the genetic history of ancient and modern populations of Egypt, Persia...
(Ethiopian Jews); a 1999 geneticstudy came to the conclusion that "the distinctiveness of the Y-chromosome haplotype distribution of Beta Israel Jews from...
Peninsula Geneticstudies on Bosniaks Geneticstudies on Bulgarians Geneticstudies on Croats Geneticstudies on JewsGeneticstudies on Russians Genetic studies...
Jews, Egyptian Jews, Persian Jews, Kurdish Jews, Lebanese Jews, Syrian Jews, Turkish Jews and Iraqi Jews; as well as the descendants of Maghrebi Jews...
Persian Jews or Iranian Jews (Persian: یهودیان ایرانی Yahudiyān-e Irāni; Hebrew: יהודים פרסים Yəhūdīm Parsīm) constitute one of the oldest communities of the...
deported the most prominent citizens of Judah. Geneticstudies on Jews show that most Jews worldwide bear a common genetic heritage which originates in the...
scientifically." — According to geneticstudies Pashtuns have a greater R1a1a*-M198 modal halogroup than Jews: "Our study demonstrates genetic similarities between...
Jews of Iran, Afghanistan, and the Caucasus Mountains. Bukharan Jews are Mizrahi Jews, like Persian, Afghan and Mountain Jews. Since the dissolution of the...
definition of Mizrahi includes the modern Iraqi Jews, Syrian Jews, Lebanese Jews, Persian Jews, Afghan Jews, Bukharian Jews, Kurdish Jews, Mountain Jews, Georgian...
Moroccan genetics encompasses the genetic history of the people of Morocco, and the genetic influence of this ancestry on world populations. It has been...
Turkey resulted in genetic homogenization. A 2001 study that looked at HLA alleles suggested that "Turks, Kurds, Armenians, Iranians, Jews, Lebanese and other...
geneticstudies on Filipinos have been performed, to analyze the population genetics of the various ethnic groups in the Philippines. The results of a...
Israel: studies on Ethiopian Jews. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1092-8 Tudor Parfitt & Emanuela Trevisan Semi (2005). Jewsof Ethiopia: the birth of an elite...
African Jewish communities include: Sephardi Jews and Mizrahi Jews who primarily live in the Maghreb of North Africa, including Morocco, Algeria, Libya...
communities listed in descending order by percentage of G. Genetic genealogy Geneticstudies on Jews Haplogroup G (Y-DNA) Country by Country Hammer, Michael...
tribal name 'Yusef Zai' means the "sons of Joseph". A number ofgeneticstudies on Jews refute the possibility of a connection, whereas others maintain...
ליטװאַקעס) or Lita'im (Hebrew: לִיטָאִים) are Jews with roots in the territory of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania (covering present-day Lithuania, Belarus...