Global InformationGenetic history of the Iberian Peninsula information
The ancestry of modern Iberians (comprising the Spanish and Portuguese) is consistent with the geographical situation of the Iberian Peninsula in the South-west corner of Europe, showing characteristics that are largely typical in Southern and Western Europeans. As is the case for most of the rest of Southern Europe, the principal ancestral origin of modern Iberians are Early European Farmers who arrived during the Neolithic. The large predominance of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup R1b, common throughout Western Europe, is also testimony to a sizeable input from various waves of (predominantly male) Western Steppe Herders that originated in the Pontic-Caspian Steppe during the Bronze Age.[2][3]
Modern Iberians' genetic inheritance largely derives from the pre-Roman inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula:
- Pre-Indo-European and Indo-European speaking pre-Celtic groups: (Iberians, Lusitani, Vettones, Turdetani, Aquitani, Conii).[4][5][6]
- Celts (Gallaecians, Celtiberians, Turduli and Celtici),[7][6] who were Latinised after the conquest of the region by the ancient Romans.[8][9]
There are also minor genetic influences from the Germanic tribes who arrived in the early medieval period.[10][11][12] Due to its position on the Mediterranean Sea, like other Southern European countries, there were also contacts with other Mediterranean peoples such as the ancient Phoenicians, Greeks and Carthaginians who briefly settled along Iberia's eastern and southern coasts, the Sephardi Jewish community, and Berbers and Arabs arrived during Al-Andalus, all of them leaving some North African and Middle Eastern genetic legacies, particularly in the south and west of the Iberian Peninsula.[13][14][9][15][16][17][8] Similar to Sardinia, Iberia was shielded from settlement from the Middle East and Caucasus region by its western geographic location, and thus has lower levels of Western Asian and Middle Eastern admixture than Italy and Greece, most of which probably arrived to Iberia during historic rather than prehistoric times, especially in the Roman period.[18][19]
- ^ Pimenta J, Lopes AM, Carracedo A, Arenas M, Amorim A, Comas D (2019). "Spatially explicit analysis reveals complex human genetic gradients in the Iberian Peninsula". Sci Rep. 9 (1): 7825. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.7825P. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-44121-6. PMC 6534591. PMID 31127131.
- ^ Nelis, Mari; Esko, Tõnu; Mägi, Reedik; Zimprich, Fritz; Zimprich, Alexander; Toncheva, Draga; Karachanak, Sena; Piskáčková, Tereza; Balaščák, Ivan; Peltonen, Leena; Jakkula, Eveliina; Rehnström, Karola; Lathrop, Mark; Heath, Simon; Galan, Pilar; Schreiber, Stefan; Meitinger, Thomas; Pfeufer, Arne; Wichmann, H-Erich; Melegh, Béla; Polgár, Noémi; Toniolo, Daniela; Gasparini, Paolo; D'Adamo, Pio; Klovins, Janis; Nikitina-Zake, Liene; Kučinskas, Vaidutis; Kasnauskienė, Jūratė; Lubinski, Jan; Debniak, Tadeusz; Limborska, Svetlana; Khrunin, Andrey; Estivill, Xavier; Rabionet, Raquel; Marsal, Sara; Julià, Antonio; Antonarakis, Stylianos E.; Deutsch, Samuel; Borel, Christelle; Attar, Homa; Gagnebin, Maryline; Macek, Milan; Krawczak, Michael; Remm, Maido; Metspalu, Andres; Fleischer, Robert C. (8 May 2009). "Genetic Structure of Europeans: A View from the North–East". PLOS ONE. 4 (5): e5472. Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.5472N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0005472. PMC 2675054. PMID 19424496.
- ^ Novembre, John; Johnson, Toby; Bryc, Katarzyna; Kutalik, Zoltán; Boyko, Adam R.; Auton, Adam; Indap, Amit; King, Karen S.; Bergmann, Sven; Nelson, Matthew R.; Stephens, Matthew; Bustamante, Carlos D. (31 August 2008). "Genes mirror geography within Europe". Nature. 456 (7218): 98–101. Bibcode:2008Natur.456...98N. doi:10.1038/nature07331. PMC 2735096. PMID 18758442.
- ^ "Iberians - MSN Encarta". Encarta.msn.com. Archived from the original on 30 October 2009. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ Álvarez-Sanchís, Jesús (28 February 2005). "Oppida and Celtic society in western Spain". E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies. 6 (1).
- ^ a b "Ethnographic Map of Pre-Roman Iberia (Circa 200 B.C.)". Arqueotavira.com. Archived from the original on 11 June 2004. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ "Spain - History". Britannica.com.
- ^ a b Bycroft, Clare; Fernandez-Rozadilla, Ceres; Ruiz-Ponte, Clara; Quintela, Inés; Carracedo, Ángel; Donnelly, Peter; Myers, Simon (1 February 2019). "Patterns of genetic differentiation and the footprints of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 551. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..551B. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08272-w. PMC 6358624. PMID 30710075.
- ^ a b Olalde, Iñigo; Mallick, Swapan; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Villalba-Mouco, Vanessa; Silva, Marina; Dulias, Katharina; Edwards, Ceiridwen J.; Gandini, Francesca; Pala, Maria; Soares, Pedro; Ferrando-Bernal, Manuel; Adamski, Nicole; Broomandkhoshbacht, Nasreen; Cheronet, Olivia; Culleton, Brendan J.; Fernandes, Daniel; Lawson, Ann Marie; Mah, Matthew; Oppenheimer, Jonas; Stewardson, Kristin; Zhang, Zhao; Arenas, Juan Manuel Jiménez; Moyano, Isidro Jorge Toro; Salazar-García, Domingo C.; Castanyer, Pere; Santos, Marta; Tremoleda, Joaquim; Lozano, Marina; et al. (15 March 2019). "The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years". Science. 363 (6432): 1230–1234. Bibcode:2019Sci...363.1230O. doi:10.1126/science.aav4040. PMC 6436108. PMID 30872528.
- ^ "Les Wisigoths dans le Portugal médiéval : état actuel de la question". L'Europe héritière de l'Espagne wisigothique. Collection de la Casa de Velázquez. Books.openedition.org. 23 January 2014. pp. 326–339. ISBN 9788490960981.
- ^ https://alpha.sib.uc.pt/?q=content/o-património-visigodo-da-l%C3%ADngua-portuguesa [dead link]
- ^ Quiroga, Jorge López (January 2017). "(PDF) IN TEMPORE SUEBORUM. The time of the Suevi in Gallaecia (411–585 AD)". Jorge López Quiroga-Artemio M. Martínez Tejera (Coord.): In Tempore Sueborum. The Time of the Sueves in Gallaecia (411–585 Ad). The First Medieval Kingdom of the West, Ourense. Academia.edu. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- ^ James S. Amelang. "The Expulsion of the Moriscos: Still more Questions than Answers" (PDF). Intransitduke.org. Universidad Autónoma, Madrid. Retrieved 22 January 2022.
- ^ Jónsson 2007, p. 195.
- ^ Adams, Susan M.; Bosch, Elena; Balaresque, Patricia L.; Ballereau, Stéphane J.; Lee, Andrew C.; Arroyo, Eduardo; López-Parra, Ana M.; Aler, Mercedes; Grifo, Marina S. Gisbert; Brion, Maria; Carracedo, Angel; Lavinha, João; Martínez-Jarreta, Begoña; Quintana-Murci, Lluis; Picornell, Antònia; Ramon, Misericordia; Skorecki, Karl; Behar, Doron M.; Calafell, Francesc; Jobling, Mark A. (12 December 2008). "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula". American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (6): 725–736. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007. PMC 2668061. PMID 19061982.
- ^ Torres, Gabriela (31 December 2008). "El español "puro" tiene de todo". BBC Mundo.
- ^ Cervantes virtual: La invasión árabe. Los árabes y el elemento árabe en español. Adams SM, Bosch E, Balaresque PL, Ballereau SJ, Lee AC, Arroyo E, López-Parra AM, Aler M, Grifo MS, Brion M, Carracedo A, Lavinha J, Martínez-Jarreta B, Quintana-Murci L, Picornell A, Ramon M, Skorecki K, Behar DM, Calafell F, Jobling MA (December 2008). "The Genetic Legacy of Religious Diversity and Intolerance: Paternal Lineages of Christians, Jews, and Muslims in the Iberian Peninsula". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 83 (6): 725–736. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.007. PMC 2668061. PMID 19061982.
- ^ Bycroft, Clare; et al. (2019). "Patterns of genetic differentiation and the footprints of historical migrations in the Iberian Peninsula". Nature Communications. 10 (1): 551. Bibcode:2019NatCo..10..551B. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-08272-w. PMC 6358624. PMID 30710075.
- ^ Olalde, Iñigo; et al. (2019). "The genomic history of the Iberian Peninsula over the past 8000 years". Science. 363 (6432): 1230–1234. Bibcode:2019Sci...363.1230O. doi:10.1126/science.aav4040. PMC 6436108. PMID 30872528.