Global InformationAshkenazi Jews information
יְהוּדֵי אַשְׁכְּנַז (Yehudei Ashkenaz) אשכנזישע יידן (Ashkenazishe Yidn) | |
|---|---|
| Total population | |
| 10[1]–11.2[2] million | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| United States | 5–6 million[3] |
| Israel | 2.8 million[1][4] |
| Russia | 194,000–500,000; according to the FJCR, up to 1 million of Jewish descent |
| Argentina | 300,000 |
| United Kingdom | 260,000 |
| Canada | 240,000 |
| France | 200,000 |
| Germany | 200,000 |
| Ukraine | 150,000 |
| Australia | 120,000 |
| South Africa | 80,000 |
| Belarus | 80,000 |
| Brazil | 80,000 |
| Hungary | 75,000 |
| Chile | 70,000 |
| Belgium | 30,000 |
| Netherlands | 30,000 |
| Moldova | 30,000 |
| Italy | 28,000 |
| Poland | 25,000 |
| Mexico | 18,500 |
| Sweden | 18,000 |
| Latvia | 10,000 |
| Romania | 10,000 |
| Austria | 9,000 |
| Turkey | 7,000 |
| New Zealand | 5,000 |
| Colombia | 4,900 |
| Azerbaijan | 4,300 |
| Lithuania | 4,000 |
| Czech Republic | 3,000 |
| Slovakia | 3,000 |
| Ireland | 2,500 |
| Estonia | 1,000 |
| Languages | |
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| Religion | |
| Judaism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Sephardi Jews, Mizrahi Jews, other Jewish ethnic divisions and Samaritans; various Middle Eastern and European ethnic groups | |
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| Jews and Judaism |
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Ashkenazi Jews (/ˌɑːʃkəˈnɑːzi, ˌæʃ-/ A(H)SH-kə-NAH-zee;[6] Hebrew: יְהוּדֵי אַשְׁכְּנַז, romanized: Yehudei Ashkenaz, lit. 'Jews of Germania'; Yiddish: אַשכּנזישע ייִדן, romanized: Ashkenazishe Yidn), also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim,[a] constitute a Jewish diaspora population that emerged in the Holy Roman Empire around the end of the first millennium CE.[8] They traditionally spoke Yiddish[8] and largely migrated towards northern and eastern Europe during the late Middle Ages due to persecution.[9][10] Hebrew was primarily used as a literary and sacred language until its 20th-century revival as a common language in Israel.
Ashkenazim adapted their traditions to Europe and underwent a transformation in their interpretation of Judaism.[11] In the late 18th and 19th centuries, Jews who remained in or returned to historical German lands experienced a cultural reorientation. Under the influence of the Haskalah and the struggle for emancipation, as well as the intellectual and cultural ferment in urban centres, some gradually abandoned Yiddish in favor of German and developed new forms of Jewish religious life and cultural identity.[12]
Throughout the centuries, Ashkenazim made significant contributions to Europe's philosophy, scholarship, literature, art, music, and science.[13][14][15][16]
As a proportion of the world Jewish population, Ashkenazim were estimated to be 3% in the 11th century, rising to 92% in 1930 near the population's peak.[17] The Ashkenazi population was significantly diminished by the Holocaust carried out by Nazi Germany during World War II which killed some six million Jews, affecting almost every European Jewish family.[18][19] In 1933, prior to World War II, the estimated worldwide Jewish population was 15.3 million.[20] Israeli demographer and statistician Sergio D. Pergola implied that Ashkenazim comprised 65–70% of Jews worldwide in 2000,[21] while other estimates suggest more than 75%.[22] As of 2013[update], the population was estimated to be between 10 million[1] and 11.2 million.[2]
Genetic studies indicate that Ashkenazim have both Levantine and European (mainly southern European) ancestry. These studies draw diverging conclusions about the degree and sources of European admixture, with some focusing on the European genetic origin in Ashkenazi maternal lineages, contrasting with the predominantly Middle Eastern genetic origin in paternal lineages.[23][24][25][26][27]
- ^ a b c "Ashkenazi Jews". Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Archived from the original on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 29 October 2013.
- ^ a b "First genetic mutation for colorectal cancer identified in Ashkenazi Jews". The Gazette. Johns Hopkins University. 8 September 1997. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
- ^ Feldman, Gabriel E. (May 2001). "Do Ashkenazi Jews have a Higher than expected Cancer Burden? Implications for cancer control prioritization efforts". Israel Medical Association Journal. 3 (5): 341–46. PMID 11411198. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2013.
- ^ Statistical Abstract of Israel, 2009, CBS. "Table 2.24 – Jews, by country of origin and age". Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2010.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Yiddish". 19 November 2019. Archived from the original on 21 September 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
- ^ a b Wells, John (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Pearson Longman. ISBN 978-1-4058-8118-0.
- ^ Ashkenaz, based on Josephus. AJ. 1.6.1., Perseus Project AJ1.6.1, . and his explanation of Genesis 10:3, is considered to be the progenitor of the ancient Gauls (the people of Gallia, meaning, mainly the people from modern France, Belgium, and the Alpine region) and the ancient Franks (of, both, France, and Germany). According to Gedaliah ibn Jechia the Spaniard, in the name of Sefer Yuchasin (see: Gedaliah ibn Jechia, Shalshelet Ha-Kabbalah Archived 13 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine, Jerusalem 1962, p. 219; p. 228 in PDF), the descendants of Ashkenaz had also originally settled in what was then called Bohemia, which today is the present-day Czech Republic. These places, according to the Jerusalem Talmud (Megillah 1:9 [10a], were also called simply by the diocese "Germamia". Germania, Germani, Germanica have all been used to refer to the group of peoples comprising the Germanic tribes, which include such peoples as Goths, whether Ostrogoths or Visigoths, Vandals and Franks, Burgundians, Alans, Langobards, Angles, Saxons, Jutes, Suebi and Alamanni. The entire region east of the Rhine river was known by the Romans as "Germania" (Germany).
- ^ a b Mosk, Carl (2013). Nationalism and economic development in modern Eurasia. New York: Routledge. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-415-60518-2.
In general the Ashkenazi originally came out of the Holy Roman Empire, speaking a version of German that incorporates Hebrew and Slavic words, Yiddish.
- ^ Mosk (2013), p. 143. "Encouraged to move out of the Holy Roman Empire as persecution of their communities intensified during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, the Ashkenazi community increasingly gravitated toward Poland."
- ^ Harshav, Benjamin (1999). The Meaning of Yiddish. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 6. "From the fourteenth and certainly by the sixteenth century, the center of European Jewry had shifted to Poland, then ... comprising the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (including today's Byelorussia), Crown Poland, Galicia, the Ukraine and stretching, at times, from the Baltic to the Black Sea, from the approaches to Berlin to a short distance from Moscow."
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
shumwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Ben-Sasson, Haim Hillel; et al. (2007). "Germany". In Berenbaum, Michael; Skolnik, Fred (eds.). Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 7 (2nd ed.). Detroit: Macmillan Reference. pp. 526–28. ISBN 978-0-02-866097-4.
The cultural and intellectual reorientation of the Jewish minority was closely linked with its struggle for equal rights and social acceptance. While earlier generations had used solely the Yiddish and Hebrew languages among themselves, ... the use of Yiddish was now gradually abandoned, and Hebrew was by and large reduced to liturgical usage.
- ^ Henry L. Feingold (1995). Bearing Witness: How America and Its Jews Responded to the Holocaust. Syracuse University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-8156-2670-1. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
- ^ Eric Hobsbawm (2002). Interesting Times: A Twentieth Century Life. Abacus Books. p. 25.
- ^ Abramson, Glenda (March 2004). Encyclopedia of Modern Jewish Culture. Routledge. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-134-42864-9.
- ^ Blanning, T. C. W. (2000). The Oxford History of Modern Europe. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285371-4.
- ^ Brunner, José (2007). Demographie – Demokratie – Geschichte: Deutschland und Israel (in German). Wallstein Verlag. p. 197. ISBN 978-3-8353-0135-1. Archived from the original on 16 December 2019. Retrieved 1 April 2018.
- ^ Rafael, Eliezer Ben; Gorni, Yosef; Ro'i, Yaacov (2003). Contemporary Jewries: Convergence and Divergence. Brill. p. 186. ISBN 978-90-04-12950-4. Archived from the original on 29 April 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
- ^ Ehrlich, M. Avrum (2009). Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. pp. 193ff [195]. ISBN 978-1-85109-873-6. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
- ^ "Jewish Population of Europe in 1933: Population Data by Country". encyclopedia.ushmm.org. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
- ^ Sergio DellaPergola (2008). ""Sephardic and Oriental" Jews in Israel and Countries: Migration, Social Change, and Identification". In Peter Y. Medding (ed.). Sephardic Jewry and Mizrahi Jews. Vol. X11. Oxford University Press. pp. 3–42. ISBN 978-0-19-971250-2. Archived from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2015. Della Pergola does not analyze or mention the Ashkenazi statistics, but the figure is implied by his rough estimate that in 2000, Oriental and Sephardi Jews constituted 26% of the population of world Jewry.
- ^ Focus on Genetic Screening Research, ed. Sandra R. Pupecki, p. 58
- ^ Costa, Marta D.; Pereira, Joana B.; Pala, Maria; Fernandes, Verónica; Olivieri, Anna; Achilli, Alessandro; Perego, Ugo A.; Rychkov, Sergei; Naumova, Oksana; Hatina, Jiři; Woodward, Scott R.; Eng, Ken Khong; Macaulay, Vincent; Carr, Martin; Soares, Pedro; Pereira, Luísa; Richards, Martin B. (8 October 2013). "A substantial prehistoric European ancestry amongst Ashkenazi maternal lineages". Nature Communications. 4 (1): 2543. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4.2543C. doi:10.1038/ncomms3543. PMC 3806353. PMID 24104924.
- ^ Behar, Doron M.; Ene Metspalu; Toomas Kivisild; Alessandro Achilli; Yarin Hadid; Shay Tzur; Luisa Pereira; Antonio Amorim; Lluı's Quintana-Murci; Kari Majamaa; Corinna Herrnstadt; Neil Howell; Oleg Balanovsky; Ildus Kutuev; Andrey Pshenichnov; David Gurwitz; Batsheva Bonne-Tamir; Antonio Torroni; Richard Villems; Karl Skorecki (March 2006). "The Matrilineal Ancestry of Ashkenazi Jewry: Portrait of a Recent Founder Event" (PDF). American Journal of Human Genetics. 78 (3): 487–97. doi:10.1086/500307. PMC 1380291. PMID 16404693. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 December 2007. Retrieved 30 December 2008.
- ^ Eva Fernández; Alejandro Pérez-Pérez; Cristina Gamba; Eva Prats; Pedro Cuesta; Josep Anfruns; Miquel Molist; Eduardo Arroyo-Pardo; Daniel Turbón (5 June 2014). "Ancient DNA Analysis of 8000 B.C. Near Eastern Farmers Supports an Early Neolithic Pioneer Maritime Colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands". PLOS Genetics. 10 (6): e1004401. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004401. PMC 4046922. PMID 24901650.
- ^ Xue J, Lencz T, Darvasi A, Pe'er I, Carmi S (April 2017). "The time and place of European admixture in Ashkenazi Jewish history". PLOS Genetics. 13 (4): e1006644. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006644. PMC 5380316. PMID 28376121.
- ^ Waldman, Shamam; Backenroth, Daniel; Harney, Éadaoin; Flohr, Stefan; Neff, Nadia C.; Buckley, Gina M.; Fridman, Hila; Akbari, Ali; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Olalde, Iñigo; Cooper, Leo; Lomes, Ariel; Lipson, Joshua; Cano Nistal, Jorge (8 December 2022). "Genome-wide data from medieval German Jews show that the Ashkenazi founder event pre-dated the 14th century". Cell. 185 (25): 4703–4716.e16. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.002. ISSN 0092-8674. PMC 9793425. PMID 36455558. S2CID 248865376.
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