Population of organisms that has little genetic mixing with other organisms of the same species
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A genetic isolate is a population of organisms that has little to no genetic mixing with other organisms of the same species due to geographic isolation or other factors that prevent reproduction. Genetic isolates form new species through an evolutionary process known as speciation. All modern species diversity is a product of genetic isolates and evolution.[citation needed]
The current distribution of genetic differences and isolation within and among populations is also influenced by genetic processes. The resulting genetic diversity within a species' distribution range is frequently unequally distributed, and significant disparities can occur when population dispersion and isolation are critical for species survival.[1]
The interrelationship of genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection determines the level and dispersion of genetic differences between populations and among species assemblages.[2] Geographic and natural elements may likewise add to these cycles and lead to examples of hereditary variety, such as genetic differences that cause genetic isolation.[3] Genetic variations are often unequally distributed over a species' geographic distribution, with differences between populations at the geographic center and the range's extremities.[4]
Significant gene flow occurs in core populations, resulting in genetic uniformity. In contrast, low gene flow, severe genetic drift, and diverse selection conditions occur in range periphery populations, enhancing genetic isolation and heterogeneity among people.[5] Genetic differentiation resulting from genetic isolation occurs as significant alterations in genetic variations, such as fluctuations in allelic frequencies, accumulate over time.[citation needed]
Significant genetic diversity can be detected toward the limits of a species range, where population fragmentation and isolation are more likely to affect genetic processes. Regional splitting is produced by a variety of factors, including environmental processes that regularly change a species' indigenous distribution.[6] For example, human-caused environmental changes such as deforestation and land degradation can result in rapid changes in a species' distribution, leading to population decrease, segmentation, and regional isolation.[7]
^Tóth, Endre Gy; Tremblay, Francine; Housset, Johann M.; Bergeron, Yves; Carcaillet, Christopher (2019-10-17). "Geographic isolation and climatic variability contribute to genetic differentiation in fragmented populations of the long-lived subalpine conifer Pinus cembra L. in the western Alps". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 19 (1): 190. Bibcode:2019BMCEE..19..190T. doi:10.1186/s12862-019-1510-4. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 6798344. PMID 31623551.
^ECKERT, C. G.; SAMIS, K. E.; LOUGHEED, S. C. (March 2008). "Genetic variation across species' geographical ranges: the central–marginal hypothesis and beyond". Molecular Ecology. 17 (5): 1170–1188. Bibcode:2008MolEc..17.1170E. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03659.x. ISSN 0962-1083. PMID 18302683. S2CID 13746514.
^Marchelli, P; Gallo, L A (September 2001). "Genetic diversity and differentiation in a southern beech subjected to introgressive hybridization". Heredity. 87 (3): 284–293. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2540.2001.00882.x. ISSN 0018-067X. PMID 11737275. S2CID 22211025.
^Hampe, Arndt; Petit, Rémy J. (2005-03-07). "Conserving biodiversity under climate change: the rear edge matters". Ecology Letters. 8 (5): 461–467. Bibcode:2005EcolL...8..461H. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00739.x. hdl:10261/64087. ISSN 1461-023X. PMID 21352449.
^Brunet, Johanne; Larson-Rabin, Zachary; Stewart, Christy M. (June 2012). "The Distribution of Genetic Diversity Within and Among Populations of the Rocky Mountain Columbine: The Impact of Gene Flow, Pollinators, and Mating System". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 173 (5): 484–494. doi:10.1086/665263. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 84162712.
^Hampe, Arndt; Petit, Rémy J. (2005-03-07). "Conserving biodiversity under climate change: the rear edge matters". Ecology Letters. 8 (5): 461–467. Bibcode:2005EcolL...8..461H. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00739.x. hdl:10261/64087. ISSN 1461-023X. PMID 21352449.
^Cheptou, Pierre-Olivier; Hargreaves, Anna L.; Bonte, Dries; Jacquemyn, Hans (2017-01-19). "Adaptation to fragmentation: evolutionary dynamics driven by human influences". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 372 (1712): 20160037. doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0037. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 5182433. PMID 27920382.
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