United States anti-black racial pogroms (~1866–~1888)
Thomas Nast illustration of the New Orleans massacre of 1866
The Freedmen massacres were a series of attacks on African-Americans which occurred in the states of the former Confederacy during Reconstruction, in the aftermath of the American Civil War. Many of these incidents were the result of a struggle over political power, especially after the voting rights of freedmen were protected through the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.[1] Robert Smalls estimated that overall 53,000 African-American were killed in post-war racial terrorism, an estimate increasingly considered plausible by historians.[2]
With reference to emancipation, we are at the beginning of the war.
— David L. Swain, former governor of North Carolina, 1865. as quoted in Eric Foner's Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863–1877
Anti-black violence during Reconstruction
Incident
Year
Month
State
County or parish
Notes
Memphis massacre
1866
05
Tennessee
Shelby
New Orleans massacre
1866
07
Louisiana
Orleans
Camilla massacre
1868
09
Georgia
Mitchell
Opelousas massacre
1868
09
Louisiana
Opelousas
1868 St. Bernard Parish Massacre
1868
10
Louisiana
St. Bernard
Millican massacre
1868
07
Texas
Brazos
[3]
Jackson County War
1869
n/a
Florida
Jackson
Ongoing for almost two years
Eutaw massacre
1870
Alabama
Meridian race riot of 1871
1871
03
Mississippi
Lauderdale
Colfax massacre
1873
04
Louisiana
Grant
Election Massacre of 1874
1874
11
Alabama
Barbour
Coushatta massacre
1874
08
Louisiana
Red River
Vicksburg massacre
1874
12
Mississippi
Warren
Ongoing for almost one month[4][5]
Battle of Liberty Place
1874
09
Louisiana
New Orleans
Clinton Riot
1875
09
Mississippi
Hinds
Hamburg massacre
1876
07
South Carolina
Aiken
Ellenton riot
1876
09
South Carolina
Aiken
^"Southern Violence During Reconstruction". American Experience (PBS). Retrieved November 29, 2020.
^Magazine, Smithsonian; Egerton, Lisa Elmaleh,Douglas. "Terrorized African-Americans Found Their Champion in Civil War Hero Robert Smalls". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2023-12-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^Jones, Halle (2022-02-02). "1868 Millican Massacre: The secret left out of Brazos Valley History". 25 News KXXV and KRHD. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
^Fedell, Vera Ann (2022-12-16). "VICKSBURG FACTS: The bloody steps to the Vicksburg Massacre". The Vicksburg Post. Retrieved 2023-08-08.
^Edwards, Josh (2015-05-21). "Portrait of first black sheriff on display". The Vicksburg Post. Retrieved 2023-12-12.
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