Elaine massacre information

Elaine massacre
Part of the Red Summer and the Nadir of American race relations
	Headline in the Arkansas Gazette, October 3, 1919
Date	September 30, 1919
Location	Hoop Spur, Phillips County, Arkansas, U.S.
Also known as	Elaine Massacre
Participants	Residents of Phillips County, Arkansas
Deaths	100–237 black people,; 5 white people

The Elaine massacre occurred on September 30 – October 2, 1919, at Hoop Spur in the vicinity of Elaine in rural Phillips County, Arkansas where African Americans were organizing against peonage and abuses in tenant farming. As many as several hundred African Americans and five white men were killed.^[4] Estimates of deaths made in the immediate aftermath of the Elaine Massacre by eyewitnesses range from 50 to "more than a hundred".^[5] Walter Francis White, an NAACP attorney who visited Elaine shortly after the incident, stated "... twenty-five Negroes killed, although some place the Negro fatalities as high as one hundred".^[6] More recent estimates in the 21st century of the number of black people killed during this violence are higher than estimates provided by the eyewitnesses, and have ranged into the hundreds.^[3]^[2]^[7] The white mobs were aided by federal troops (requested by Arkansas governor Charles Hillman Brough) and local terrorist organizations.^[8] Gov. Brough led a contingent of 583 US soldiers from Camp Pike, with a 12-gun machine gun battalion.^[7]

According to the Encyclopedia of Arkansas, "the Elaine Massacre was by far the deadliest racial confrontation in Arkansas history and possibly the bloodiest racial conflict in the history of the United States".^[9]^[10]

After the massacre, state officials concocted an elaborate cover-up, claiming that blacks were planning an insurrection.^[8] National newspapers repeated the falsehood that blacks in Arkansas were staging an insurrection.^[8] A New York Times headline read, "Planned Massacre of Whites Today", and the Arkansas Gazette (the leading newspaper in Arkansas) wrote that Elaine was "a zone of negro insurrection".^[8] Subsequent to this reporting, more than 100 African Americans were indicted, with 12 being sentenced to death by electrocution.^[8] After a years-long legal battle by the NAACP, the 12 men were acquitted.^[8]

Because of the widespread attacks which white mobs committed against blacks during the Red Summer of 1919, the Equal Justice Initiative of Montgomery, Alabama classified the black deaths at Elaine as lynchings in its 2015 report on the lynching of African Americans in the South.^[11]

^ Cite error: The named reference Walter Francis White 1995, p.49 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b Arkansas Assembly 2017
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference encyclopediaofarkansas.net was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference rogers was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ [Ida B. Wells (Wells-Barnett, I. B.)] (1920). [The Arkansas Race Riot https://archive.org/details/TheArkansasRaceRiot/].
^ White, Walter F. (December 6, 1919). "'Massacring Whites' in Arkansas". The Nation. CIX (2840).
^ ^a ^b Whitaker, Robert (2008). On the Laps of Gods: The Red Summer of 1919 and the Struggle for Justice That Remade a Nation. New York: Random House, Inc. ISBN 978-0-307-33982-9.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "The white press has a history of endangering black lives going back a century". The Washington Post. 2020.
^ Cite error: The named reference AKenc was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Krug, Teresa (18 August 2019). "A rural town confronts its buried history of mass killings of black Americans". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 August 2019.
^ Robertson, Campbell (February 10, 2015). "History of Lynchings in the South Documents Nearly 4,000 Names". The New York Times.

[Walter_Francis_White_1995,_p.49-1] Cite error: The named reference Walter Francis White 1995, p.49 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[ArkAssembly-2] Arkansas Assembly 2017

[encyclopediaofarkansas.net-3] Cite error: The named reference encyclopediaofarkansas.net was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[rogers-4] Cite error: The named reference rogers was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[archive.org-5] [Ida B. Wells (Wells-Barnett, I. B.)] (1920). [The Arkansas Race Riot https://archive.org/details/TheArkansasRaceRiot/].

[6] White, Walter F. (December 6, 1919). "'Massacring Whites' in Arkansas". The Nation. CIX (2840).

[Whitaker-7] Whitaker, Robert (2008). On the Laps of Gods: The Red Summer of 1919 and the Struggle for Justice That Remade a Nation. New York: Random House, Inc. ISBN 978-0-307-33982-9.

[:0-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "The white press has a history of endangering black lives going back a century". The Washington Post. 2020.

[AKenc-9] Cite error: The named reference AKenc was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Grdn2019-10] Krug, Teresa (18 August 2019). "A rural town confronts its buried history of mass killings of black Americans". The Guardian. Retrieved 19 August 2019.

[11] Robertson, Campbell (February 10, 2015). "History of Lynchings in the South Documents Nearly 4,000 Names". The New York Times.

Elaine massacre information

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Part of the Red Summer and the Nadir of American race relations
Headline in the Arkansas Gazette, October 3, 1919
Date	September 30, 1919
Location	Hoop Spur, Phillips County, Arkansas, U.S.
Also known as	Elaine Massacre
Participants	Residents of Phillips County, Arkansas
Deaths	100–237 black people,^[1]^[2] 5 white people^[3]

Nadir of American race relations
Part of a series on the
Violence in the 1906 Atlanta race massacre
Historical background Reconstruction era Voter suppression Disfranchisement Redeemers Compromise of 1877 Jim Crow laws Segregation Anti-miscegenation laws Convict leasing
Practices Common actions Expulsions of African Americans Lynchings Lynching postcards Sundown town Whitecapping Vigilante groups Black Legion Indiana White Caps Ku Klux Klan Red Shirts
Lynchings Andrew Richards Michael Green Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer Eliza Woods Amos Miller George Meadows Joe Vermillion Jim Taylor Joe Coe People's Grocery Ephraim Grizzard Alfred Blount Samuel J. Bush Stephen Williams Frazier B. Baker and Julia Baker John Henry James Sam Hose George Ward David Wyatt Marie Thompson Watkinsville Ed Johnson William Burns Walker family Laura and L. D. Nelson King Johnson John Evans Jesse Washington Newberry Six Anthony Crawford Ell Persons Jim McIlherron George Taylor John Hartfield 1920 Duluth James Harvey and Joe Jordan Joe Pullen
Massacres and riots Opelousas massacre Rock Springs massacre Thibodaux massacre Spring Valley Race Riot of 1895 Phoenix election riot Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Pana riot Robert Charles riots Evansville race riot Atlanta Massacre of 1906 Springfield race riot of 1908 Johnson–Jeffries riots 1912 racial conflict in Forsyth County 1917 Chester race riot East St. Louis riots Elaine massacre Red Summer Chicago race riot of 1919 Washington race riot of 1919 Ocoee massacre Tulsa race massacre Perry race riot Rosewood massacre
Reactions Anti-lynching movement Exodusters movement Great Migration Back to Africa movement
Related topics Black genocide Civil rights movement (1865–1896) Civil rights movement (1896–1954) Mass racial violence in the United States
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