Consensus secondary structure of FourU RNA thermometers. Red colouring indicates the highest levels of nucleotide conservation.
Identifiers
Symbol
FourU
Rfam
RF01795
Other data
RNA type
RNA thermometer
Domain(s)
Salmonella;
PDB structures
PDBe
FourU thermometers are a class of non-coding RNA thermometers found in Salmonella.[1] They are named 'FourU' due to the four highly conserved uridine nucleotides found directly opposite the Shine-Dalgarno sequence on hairpin II (pictured).
RNA thermometers such as FourU control regulation of temperature via heat shock proteins in many prokaryotes.[2][3][4] FourU thermometers are relatively small RNA molecules, only 57 nucleotides in length, and have a simple two-hairpin structure.[1]
FourU are found in the 5' untranslated region of the gene for heat shock protein Salmonella agsA,[1][5][6] they repress translation of this protein by base-pairing the Shine-Dalgarno sequence of the gene's mRNA.[2] This prevents ribosomes from binding the start codon of the gene.[7]
They are also found in the 5'UTR of htrA (high temperature requirement) genes in Salmonella and E.coli.[8]
In V. cholerae fourU thermometer in the 5' of toxT controls its temperature-dependent translation. At human body temperature, the thermometer structure opens and to allow transcriptional activator protein ToxT translation, facilitating V. cholerae virulence.[9]
Other known RNA thermometers include the ROSE element[10][11] and Hsp90 cis-reg element.[12]
^ abcWaldminghaus T, Heidrich N, Brantl S, Narberhaus F (July 2007). "FourU: a novel type of RNA thermometer in Salmonella". Molecular Microbiology. 65 (2): 413–424. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05794.x. PMID 17630972.
^ abRinnenthal J, Klinkert B, Narberhaus F, Schwalbe H (June 2010). "Direct observation of the temperature-induced melting process of the Salmonella fourU RNA thermometer at base-pair resolution". Nucleic Acids Research. 38 (11): 3834–3847. doi:10.1093/nar/gkq124. PMC 2887971. PMID 20211842.
^Waldminghaus T, Fippinger A, Alfsmann J, Narberhaus F (December 2005). "RNA thermometers are common in alpha- and gamma-proteobacteria". Biological Chemistry. 386 (12): 1279–1286. doi:10.1515/BC.2005.145. PMID 16336122. S2CID 84557068.
^"aggregation suppressing protein". National Center for Biotechnology Information.
^Tomoyasu T, Takaya A, Sasaki T, Nagase T, Kikuno R, Morioka M, Yamamoto T (November 2003). "A new heat shock gene, AgsA, which encodes a small chaperone involved in suppressing protein aggregation in Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium". Journal of Bacteriology. 185 (21): 6331–6339. doi:10.1128/JB.185.21.6331-6339.2003. PMC 219406. PMID 14563868.
^Shine J, Dalgarno L (March 1975). "Determinant of cistron specificity in bacterial ribosomes". Nature. 254 (5495): 34–38. doi:10.1038/254034a0. PMID 803646. S2CID 4162567.
^Klinkert B, Cimdins A, Gaubig LC, Roßmanith J, Aschke-Sonnenborn U, Narberhaus F (July 2012). "Thermogenetic tools to monitor temperature-dependent gene expression in bacteria". Journal of Biotechnology. 160 (1–2): 55–63. doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.01.007. PMID 22285954.
^Weber GG, Kortmann J, Narberhaus F, Klose KE (September 2014). "RNA thermometer controls temperature-dependent virulence factor expression in Vibrio cholerae". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (39): 14241–14246. doi:10.1073/pnas.1411570111. PMC 4191814. PMID 25228776.
^Nocker A, Hausherr T, Balsiger S, Krstulovic NP, Hennecke H, Narberhaus F (December 2001). "A mRNA-based thermosensor controls expression of rhizobial heat shock genes". Nucleic Acids Research. 29 (23): 4800–4807. doi:10.1093/nar/29.23.4800. PMC 96696. PMID 11726689.
^Waldminghaus T, Gaubig LC, Narberhaus F (November 2007). "Genome-wide bioinformatic prediction and experimental evaluation of potential RNA thermometers". Molecular Genetics and Genomics. 278 (5): 555–564. doi:10.1007/s00438-007-0272-7. PMID 17647020. S2CID 24747327.
^Ahmed R, Duncan RF (November 2004). "Translational regulation of Hsp90 mRNA. AUG-proximal 5'-untranslated region elements essential for preferential heat shock translation". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (48): 49919–49930. doi:10.1074/jbc.M404681200. PMID 15347681.
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