Thermodynamic temperature is a quantity defined in thermodynamics as distinct from kinetic theory or statistical mechanics.
Historically, thermodynamic temperature was defined by Lord Kelvin in terms of a macroscopic relation between thermodynamic work and heat transfer as defined in thermodynamics, but the kelvin was redefined by international agreement in 2019 in terms of phenomena that are now understood as manifestations of the kinetic energy of free motion of microscopic particles such as atoms, molecules, and electrons. From the thermodynamic viewpoint, for historical reasons, because of how it is defined and measured, this microscopic kinetic definition is regarded as an "empirical" temperature. It was adopted because in practice it can generally be measured more precisely than can Kelvin's thermodynamic temperature.
A thermodynamic temperature of zero is of particular importance for the third law of thermodynamics. By convention, it is reported on the Kelvin scale of temperature in which the unit of measurement is the kelvin (unit symbol: K). For comparison, a temperature of 295 K corresponds to 21.85 °C and 71.33 °F.
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mechanics. Historically, thermodynamictemperature was defined by Lord Kelvin in terms of a macroscopic relation between thermodynamic work and heat transfer...
i.e., zero kelvin or −273.15 °C, is the lowest point in the thermodynamictemperature scale. Experimentally, it can be approached very closely but not...
macroscopic equilibrium. A thermodynamic system in a state of internal thermodynamic equilibrium has a spatially uniform temperature. Its intensive properties...
Certain systems can achieve negative thermodynamictemperature; that is, their temperature can be expressed as a negative quantity on the Kelvin or Rankine...
change of thermodynamictemperature corresponds to a thermal energy change of exactly 1.380649×10−23 J. During the 18th century, multiple temperature scales...
A thermodynamic system is a body of matter and/or radiation separate from its surroundings that can be studied using the laws of thermodynamics. Thermodynamic...
terms of the kelvin, the SI base unit of thermodynamictemperature (symbol: K). Absolute zero, the lowest temperature, is now defined as being exactly 0 K...
boiling point of water. Absolute temperature is based on thermodynamic principles: using the lowest possible temperature as the zero point, and selecting...
divided by the common thermodynamictemperature ( T ) {\displaystyle (T)} of the system of interest and the auxiliary thermodynamic system: d S = δ Q T...
physical quantities, such as temperature, energy, and entropy, that characterize thermodynamic systems in thermodynamic equilibrium. The laws also use...
statistical thermodynamics, thermodynamic beta, also known as coldness, is the reciprocal of the thermodynamictemperature of a system: β = 1 k B T {\displaystyle...
showed how thermodynamic processes, including chemical reactions, could be graphically analyzed, by studying the energy, entropy, volume, temperature and pressure...
pressure and volume, then its temperature is uniquely determined. Thermodynamictemperature is a specifically thermodynamic concept, while the original...
The Rankine scale (/ˈræŋkɪn/) is an absolute scale of thermodynamictemperature named after the University of Glasgow engineer and physicist Macquorn...
whole-system entropy, pressure, and temperature may not exist). The fundamental thermodynamic relation implies many thermodynamic identities that are valid in...
of temperature. The zeroth law is needed for the definition of such scales, and justifies the use of practical thermometers.: 56 A thermodynamic system...
During a closed cycle, the system returns to its original thermodynamic state of temperature and pressure. Process quantities (or path quantities), such...
Absolute zero is the lowest limit of the thermodynamictemperature scale; a state at which the enthalpy and entropy of a cooled ideal gas reach their...
three main kinds of thermodynamic processes: (1) changes in a system, (2) cycles in a system, and (3) flow processes. (1) A Thermodynamic process is a process...
gas, n is the amount of substance, m is the mass, and T is the thermodynamictemperature. Rspecific is the mass-specific gas constant. The gas constant...
average relative thermal energy of particles in a gas with the thermodynamictemperature of the gas. It occurs in the definitions of the kelvin (K) and...
A thermodynamic potential (or more accurately, a thermodynamic potential energy) is a scalar quantity used to represent the thermodynamic state of a system...
the relation 'has no lower a temperature than' between thermodynamic systems in their own states of internal thermodynamic equilibrium is transitive. It...
Thermodynamics is expressed by a mathematical framework of thermodynamic equations which relate various thermodynamic quantities and physical properties measured in...
kilogram for mass, the ampere for electric current, the kelvin for thermodynamictemperature, the mole for amount of substance, and the candela for luminous...
Celsius temperature scales. It is an approximation of thermodynamictemperature that facilitates the comparability and compatibility of temperature measurements...
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