Global InformationFive techniques information
The five techniques, also known as deep interrogation, are a group of interrogation methods developed by the United Kingdom during the 20th century and are currently regarded as a form of torture. Originally developed by British forces in a variety of 20th-century conflicts, they are most notable for being applied to detainees in Northern Ireland during the Troubles. The five collective methods are prolonged wall-standing, hooding, subjection to noise, deprivation of sleep, and deprivation of food and drink.[1]
They were first used in Northern Ireland in 1971 as part of Operation Demetrius – the mass arrest and internment of people suspected of involvement with the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA). Out of those arrested, fourteen were subjected to a programme of "deep interrogation" using the five techniques. This took place at Shackleton Barracks, a secret interrogation centre in Northern Ireland. For seven days, when not being interrogated, the detainees were kept hooded and handcuffed in a cold cell and subjected to a continuous loud hissing noise. Here they were forced to stand in a stress position for many hours and were deprived of sleep, food, and drink. They were also repeatedly beaten, and some reported being kicked in the genitals, having their heads banged against walls, and being threatened with injections. The effect was prolonged pain, physical and mental exhaustion, severe anxiety, depression, hallucinations, disorientation, and repeated loss of consciousness.[2][3] It also resulted in long-term psychological trauma. The fourteen became known as "the Hooded Men" and were the only detainees in Northern Ireland subjected to all five techniques together. Other detainees were subjected to at least one of the five techniques along with other interrogation methods.[4]
In 1976, the European Commission of Human Rights ruled that the five techniques amounted to torture. The case was then referred to the European Court of Human Rights. In 1978, the court ruled that the techniques were "inhuman and degrading" and breached Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights but did not amount to torture. In 2014, after new information was uncovered that showed the decision to use the five techniques in Northern Ireland in 1971–1972 had been taken by ministers,[5] the Irish Government asked the European Court of Human Rights to review its judgement. In 2018, the Court declined.
The Court's ruling that the five techniques did not amount to torture was later internally cited by the United States to justify its own interrogation methods,[6] which included the five techniques.[7] British agents also taught the five techniques to the forces of Brazil's military dictatorship.[8]
During the Iraq War, the illegal use of the five techniques by British service members contributed to the death of Baha Mousa.[9][10]
In 2021, the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom found that the use of the five techniques amounts to torture.[11]
- ^ Lauterpacht & Greenwood 1980, p. 198.
- ^ The Guineapigs by John McGuffin (1974, 1981). Chapter 4: "The Experiment".
- ^ The Guineapigs by John McGuffin (1974, 1981). Chapter 6: "Replay".
- ^ The Guineapigs by John McGuffin (1974, 1981). Chapter 9: "Down on the Killing Floor".
- ^ "British ministers sanctioned torture of NI internees". The Irish Times. 21 March 2013. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
- ^ "The Hooded Men – joint press release from CAJ and the Pat Finucane Centre" Archived 22 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Committee on the Administration of Justice. 24 November 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
- ^ "Paper trail: from Northern Ireland's hooded men to CIA's global torture". Amnesty International. 9 December 2014. Quote: "Within months, the CIA was using the "five techniques" in Iraq, Afghanistan and around the world."
- ^ "How the UK taught Brazil's dictators interrogation techniques". BBC News. 30 May 2014.
- ^ "Baha Mousa inquiry: 'Serious discipline breach' by army". BBC News. 8 September 2011.
- ^ "Baha Mousa inquiry: innocent father died due to Army's failings". The Telegraph. 8 September 2011.
- ^ "Judgement - In the matter of an application by Margaret McQuillan for Judicial Review (Northern Ireland) (Nos 1, 2 and 3) In the matter of an application by Francis McGuigan for Judicial Review (Northern Ireland) (Nos 1, 2 and 3) In the matter of an application by Mary McKenna for Judicial Review (Northern Ireland) (Nos 1 and 2)" para. 186-188