For the album by Benestrophe, see Sensory Deprivation (album).
Sensory deprivation or perceptual isolation[1] is the deliberate reduction or removal of stimuli from one or more of the senses. Simple devices such as blindfolds or hoods and earmuffs can cut off sight and hearing, while more complex devices can also cut off the sense of smell, touch, taste, thermoception (heat-sense), and the ability to know which way is down. Sensory deprivation has been used in various alternative medicines and in psychological experiments (e.g. with an isolation tank). When deprived of sensation, the brain attempts to restore sensation in the form of hallucinations.[2]
Short-term sessions of sensory deprivation are described as relaxing and conducive to meditation; however, extended or forced sensory deprivation can result in extreme anxiety, hallucinations,[3] bizarre thoughts, and depression.[4]
A related phenomenon is perceptual deprivation, also called the Ganzfeld effect. In this case a constant uniform stimulus is used instead of attempting to remove the stimuli; this leads to effects which have similarities to sensory deprivation.[5]
Sensory deprivation techniques were developed by some of the armed forces within NATO, as a means of interrogating prisoners within international treaty obligations.[6] The European Court of Human Rights ruled that the use of the five techniques by British security forces in Northern Ireland amounted to a practice of inhuman and degrading treatment.
It was also used in prisons such as Guantanamo.[7]
^Donald Olding Hebb, Essay on Mind, Psychological Press, 1980
^Purves, Dale; Augustine, George; Fitzpatrick, David; Hall, William C.; LaMantia, Anthony; Mooney, Richard; White, Leonard E. (2018-07-04). Neuroscience. Sinauer. ISBN 978-1-60535-380-7.
^Sireteanu, R; Oertel, V; Mohr, H; Linden, D; Singer, W (2008). "Graphical illustration and functional neuroimaging of visual hallucinations during prolonged blindfolding: A comparison to visual imagery". Perception. 37 (12): 1805–1821. doi:10.1068/p6034. PMID 19227374. S2CID 12013790.
^
Harold I. Schwartz, Death Row Syndrome and Demoralization: Psychiatric Means to Social Policy Ends Archive. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 33:2:153–155 (2005)
Karen Franklin Segregation Psychosis Archived 2010-10-05 at the Wayback Machine
Haney Mental Health Issues in Long-Term Solitary and "Supermax" Confinement, Crime Delinquency. 2003; 49: 124-156
Matthews, Daryl (September 2009). "Physicians' Obligation to Speak Out for Prisoners' Health". Ethics Journal of the American Medical Association. 6: 1 – via AMA.
Stuart Grassian Psychiatric effects of solitary confinement(PDF) This article is a redacted, non-institution- and non-inmate-specific version of a declaration submitted in September 1993 in Madrid v. Gomez, 889F.Supp.1146.
^Wackermann, J; Pütz P; Allefeld C (Jun 2008). "Ganzfeld-induced hallucinatory experience, its phenomenology and cerebral electrophysiology". Cortex. 44 (10): 1364–78. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2007.05.003. PMID 18621366. S2CID 18683890.
^Jeffery, Keith (1985), The Divided province: the troubles in Northern Ireland, 1969-1985 (illustrated ed.), Orbis, p. 58, ISBN 0-85613-799-5
^Apuzzo, Matt; Fink, Sheri; Risen, James (2016-10-08). "How U.S. Torture Left a Legacy of Damaged Minds". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-06-15.
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