Evolutionary approaches to postpartum depression information
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Evolutionary approaches to postpartum depression examine the syndrome from the framework of evolutionary theory.
Postpartum (or postnatal) depression refers to major and minor episodes of depression within the first 12 months after delivery. Depression during pregnancy is referred to as prenatal (or antenatal) depression. Symptoms of postpartum depression include sad or depressed mood, feelings of worry, anxiety, guilt, or worthlessness, hypersomnia or insomnia, difficulty concentrating, anhedonia, somatic pain, changes in appetite, weight loss or weight gain, moodiness, irritability, restlessness, and fatigue.[1]
Women may also have doubts about their ability to care for a new infant, difficulty bonding with the infant, or thoughts of harming themselves or their infants. In the DSM-V, diagnosis is made under major depressive disorder, with the added specifier “With peripartum onset” if the episode occurs during pregnancy or the first four weeks postpartum.[1] Postpartum depression is not to be conflated with postpartum psychosis, which is qualitatively different.[2][3]
A meta-analysis found that up to 12.7% of pregnant women experience an episode of major depression, while as many as 18.4% experience depression at some point in their pregnancy.[4] However, they did not find a significant difference between these and rates of depression in women at nonchildbearing times. Similarly, one meta-analysis found rates of depression of up to 12.9% within the first year postpartum, and other studies have found similar rates.[5][6]
There is also growing evidence that PPD is under-reported and under-diagnosed, raising concerns that a number of women suffer untreated. Cross-cultural research is often difficult to replicate and synthesize. For instance, one meta-analysis found rates of PPD from 0% to 60% across 40 countries.[7] It is likely that a number of cultural factors likely lead to under- and over-diagnosis in some countries.
^Spinelli MG (April 2009). "Postpartum psychosis: detection of risk and management". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 166 (4): 405–8. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08121899. PMID 19339365. S2CID 21341133.
^Sit D, Rothschild AJ, Wisner KL (May 2006). "A review of postpartum psychosis". Journal of Women's Health. 15 (4): 352–68. doi:10.1089/jwh.2006.15.352. PMC 3109493. PMID 16724884.
^Gavin NI, Gaynes BN, Lohr KN, Meltzer-Brody S, Gartlehner G, Swinson T (November 2005). "Perinatal depression: a systematic review of prevalence and incidence". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 106 (5 Pt 1): 1071–83. doi:10.1097/01.AOG.0000183597.31630.db. PMID 16260528. S2CID 1616729.
^Gaynes BN, Gavin N, Meltzer-Brody S, Lohr K, Swinson T, Gartlehner G, Brody S, Miller WC (2005). Perinatal Depression: Prevalence, Screening Accuracy, and Screening Outcomes: Summary. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US).
^Segre LS, O'Hara MW, Arndt S, Stuart S (April 2007). "The prevalence of postpartum depression: the relative significance of three social status indices". Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 42 (4): 316–21. doi:10.1007/s00127-007-0168-1. PMID 17370048. S2CID 20586114.
^Halbreich U, Karkun S (April 2006). "Cross-cultural and social diversity of prevalence of postpartum depression and depressive symptoms". Journal of Affective Disorders. 91 (2–3): 97–111. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.12.051. PMID 16466664.
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Evolutionaryapproachestodepression are attempts by evolutionary psychologists to use the theory of evolution to shed light on the problem of mood disorders...
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postpartumdepression (see Evolutionaryapproachestopostpartumdepression). Education and employment environments which are particularly likely to cause...
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ISSN 1090-5138. Hagen, Edward H (1999-09-01). "The Functions of PostpartumDepression". Evolution and Human Behavior. 20 (5): 325–359. doi:10.1016/S1090-5138(99)00016-1...
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patient to either regurgitate or temporarily lose consciousness. The evolutionary value of this is unclear, although it may have allowed for prey to appear...
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demands that intuitive concepts, such as depression, need to be operationally defined before they become amenable to scientific investigation. However, John...
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were paying more attention. This is believed to be an evolutionary response to danger. Babies' ability to accurately locate sounds is refined during their...
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risks then men's, postpartumdepression could be a signal to women that they faced a bad investment opportunity, would be evolutionarily adaptive. By the...
food intake due to some psychological reasons; and a group of other specified feeding or eating disorders. Anxiety disorders, depression and substance abuse...
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depression, perhaps due to a lack of personal relationships and long periods of isolation related to social avoidance. Clinical depression is 1.49 to...
heritability estimate of 0.74. Additionally, evolutionary psychiatrist Randolph M. Nesse has argued that the 5:1 male-to-female sex ratio in the epidemiology...
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