"Asperger's" redirects here. For other uses, see Asperger (disambiguation).
Neurodevelopmental diagnosis now categorized under autism spectrum disorder
This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: some parts of the article do not accurately reflect either the new DSM-5 or ICD-11 criteria. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(February 2022)
Restricted interests or repetitive behavior may be features of Asperger syndrome; this boy is playing with a magnetic construction toy.
Pronunciation
/ˈæspɜːrɡərz/,[3]/-dʒərz/[4]
Specialty
Clinical psychology, psychiatry, pediatrics, occupational medicine
Symptoms
Problems with social interaction and nonverbal communication, restricted interests, and repetitive behavior[5]
Complications
Social isolation, employment problems, family stress, bullying, self-harm[6]
Usual onset
Before two years old[5]
Duration
Long-term[5]
Causes
Inconclusive[5]
Diagnostic method
Based on the symptoms[7]
Medication
For associated conditions[8]
Frequency
37.2 million globally (0.5%) (2015)[9]
Named after
Hans Asperger
Asperger syndrome (AS), also known as Asperger's syndrome, formerly described a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significant difficulties in social interaction and nonverbal communication, along with restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, and activities.[5] The syndrome has been merged with other disorders into autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and is no longer considered a stand-alone diagnosis.[10][11][12] It was considered[13] milder than other diagnoses that were merged into ASD due to relatively unimpaired spoken language and intelligence.[14]
The syndrome was named after the Austrian pediatrician Hans Asperger, who, in 1944, described children in his care who struggled to form friendships, did not understand others' gestures or feelings, engaged in one-sided conversations about their favorite interests, and were clumsy.[15] In 1994, the diagnosis of Asperger's was included in the fourth edition (DSM-IV) of the American Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; however, with the publication of DSM-5 in 2013 the syndrome was removed, and the symptoms are now included within autism spectrum disorder along with classic autism and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS).[5][16] It was similarly merged into autism spectrum disorder in the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) as of 2021[update].[17][18]
The exact cause of Asperger's is poorly understood.[5] While it has high heritability, the underlying genetics have not been determined conclusively.[19][20] Environmental factors are also believed to play a role.[5] Brain imaging has not identified a common underlying condition.[19] There is no single treatment, and the UK's National Health Service (NHS) guidelines suggest that 'treatment' of any form of autism should not be a goal, since autism is not 'a disease that can be removed or cured'.[21] According to the Royal College of Psychiatrists,[22] while co-occurring conditions might require treatment, 'management of autism itself is chiefly about the provision of the education, training, and social support/care required to improve the person's ability to function in the everyday world'. The effectiveness of particular interventions for autism is supported by only limited data.[19] Interventions may include social skills training, cognitive behavioral therapy, physical therapy, speech therapy, parent training, and medications for associated problems, such as mood or anxiety.[8] Autistic characteristics tend to become less obvious in adulthood,[22] but social and communication difficulties usually persist.[23]
In 2015, Asperger's was estimated to affect 37.2 million people globally, or about 0.5% of the population.[9] The exact percentage of people affected has still not been firmly established.[19] Autism spectrum disorder is diagnosed in males more often than females,[24] and females are typically diagnosed at a later age.[25][26] The modern conception of Asperger syndrome came into existence in 1981 and went through a period of popularization.[27][28][29] It became a standardized diagnosis in the 1990s[30] and was merged into ASD in 2013.[12] Many questions and controversies about the condition remain.[23]
^Manouilenko I, Bejerot S (August 2015). "Sukhareva – Prior to Asperger and Kanner". Nordic Journal of Psychiatry (Report). 69 (6) (published 31 March 2015): 479–82. doi:10.3109/08039488.2015.1005022. PMID 25826582. S2CID 207473133.
^ abWorld Health Organization (2016). "International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 10th Revision (ICD-10): F84.5 Asperger syndrome". Retrieved 2 November 2018.
^"Asperger syndrome definition and meaning". Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
^"Asperger's syndrome". Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 16 May 2018.
^ abcdefgh"Autism Spectrum Disorder". National Institute of Mental Health. September 2015. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
^"Autism spectrum disorder – Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
^"Autism Spectrum Disorders – Pediatrics". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
^ abcNational Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) (31 July 2007). "Asperger syndrome fact sheet". Archived from the original on 21 August 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2007. NIH Publication No. 05-5624.
^ abVos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–602. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. PMC 5055577. PMID 27733282.
^"Neurodevelopmental Disorders". Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. 18 March 2022. ISBN 9780890425770. LCCN 2021051782.
^"6A02 Autism spectrum disorder". International Classification of Diseases 11th Revision (ICD-11). World Health Organization. February 2022 [adopted in 2019]. 6A02. Retrieved 14 May 2022.
^ ab"Asperger syndrome". Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
^Rosen NE, Lord C, Volkmar FR (December 2021). "The Diagnosis of Autism: From Kanner to DSM-III to DSM-5 and Beyond". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 51 (12): 4253–4270. doi:10.1007/s10803-021-04904-1. PMC 8531066. PMID 33624215.
^"F84.5 Asperger syndrome". World Health Organization. 2015. Archived from the original on 2 November 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
^Asperger H, Frich U (1991). Autistic psychopathy in childhood. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521386081 – via Internet Archive.
^"Autism Spectrum Disorder". National Institute of Mental Health. Archived from the original on 9 March 2016. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
^"ICD-11". icd.who.int. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
^"World Health Organisation updates classification of autism in the ICD-11". autismeurope. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
^ abcdMcPartland J, Klin A (October 2006). "Asperger's syndrome". Adolescent Medicine Clinics. 17 (3): 771–88, abstract xiii. doi:10.1016/j.admecli.2006.06.010 (inactive 31 January 2024). PMID 17030291.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2024 (link)
^Klauck SM (June 2006). "Genetics of autism spectrum disorder". European Journal of Human Genetics. 14 (6): 714–20. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201610. PMID 16721407. S2CID 17382203.
^"Making information and the words we use accessible". NHS England. 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
^ ab"The psychiatric management of autism in adults (CR228)". Royal College of Psychiatrists. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
^Lockwood Estrin G, Milner V, Spain D, Happé F, Colvert E (December 2021). "Barriers to Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis for Young Women and Girls: A Systematic Review". Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 8 (4): 454–470. doi:10.1007/s40489-020-00225-8. PMC 8604819. PMID 34868805.
^Ferri FF (2014). Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2015(E-Book). Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 162. ISBN 9780323084307.
^Lai MC, Baron-Cohen S (November 2015). "Identifying the lost generation of adults with autism spectrum conditions". The Lancet. Psychiatry. 2 (11): 1013–27. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00277-1. PMID 26544750.
^Klin A, Pauls D, Schultz R, Volkmar F (April 2005). "Three diagnostic approaches to Asperger syndrome: implications for research". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 35 (2): 221–34. doi:10.1007/s10803-004-2001-y. PMID 15909408. S2CID 19076633.
^Wing L (1998). "The history of Asperger syndrome". In Schopler E, Mesibov GB, Kunce LJ (eds.). Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism?. New York: Plenum press. pp. 11–25. ISBN 978-0-306-45746-3. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016.
^Woodbury-Smith M, Klin A, Volkmar F (April 2005). "Asperger's syndrome: a comparison of clinical diagnoses and those made according to the ICD-10 and DSM-IV". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 35 (2): 235–40. doi:10.1007/s10803-004-2002-x. PMID 15909409. S2CID 12417580.
^Baker L (2004). Asperger's Syndrome: Intervening in Schools, Clinics, and Communities. Routledge. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-135-62414-9. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016.
specifically in children, he is the namesake of the autism spectrum disorder Aspergersyndrome. He wrote more than 300 publications on psychological disorders that...
Aspergersyndrome (AS) was formerly a separate diagnosis under autism spectrum disorder. Under the DSM-5 and ICD-11, patients formerly diagnosable with...
Aspergersyndrome is an autism spectrum disorder, a neurobiological syndrome affecting social and communication skills, named after its discoverer Hans...
abbreviations for commonly used terms, such as: Aspie – a person with Aspergersyndrome. Autie – an autistic person. It can be contrasted with aspie to refer...
1930s and 1940s, Hans Asperger and Leo Kanner described two related syndromes, later termed infantile autism and Aspergersyndrome. Kanner thought that...
overlap or comorbidity with the autism spectrum disorder Aspergersyndrome. Aspergersyndrome had traditionally been called "schizoid disorder of childhood"...
related and overlapping diagnoses such as Aspergersyndrome and the syndrome formerly known as Kanner syndrome. This created unclear boundaries between...
Aspergirls: Empowering Females with AspergerSyndrome is a non-fiction book written by American author Rudy Simone. It was published in 2010 by Jessica...
Spectrum Test, abbreviated as CAST and formerly titled the Childhood AspergerSyndrome Test, is a tool to screen for autism spectrum disorder in children...
who advanced understanding of autism worldwide, introduced the term Aspergersyndrome in 1976 and was involved in founding the National Autistic Society...
communication. Since the 1970s, fictional portrayals of people with autism, Aspergersyndrome, and other ASCs have become more frequent. Public perception of autism...
February 1952) is a British psychologist notable for his work on Aspergersyndrome. He resides in Queensland, Australia, where he is an Associate Professor...
1998)." Moore, S. (2002). AspergerSyndrome and the Elementary School Experience. Shawnee Mission, Kansas: Autism Asperger Publishing Company. Baker,...
confusion or comorbidity with the autism spectrum disorder Aspergersyndrome. Aspergersyndrome was at one time called "schizoid disorder of childhood"....
PMID 31417436. "What is Autism, AspergerSyndrome, and Pervasive Developmental Disorders?". US Autism and Asperger Association. Retrieved 2 September...
decreased range of motion of the affected joints. Aspergersyndrome – (AS), also known as Asperger's, is a developmental disorder characterized by significant...
Altschuler diagnosed Durst with Aspergersyndrome, saying, "His whole life's history is so compatible with a diagnosis of Asperger's disorder." His defense team...
commonly used terms, such as: Aspie – a person with Aspergersyndrome. Not as frequently used with Aspergers being removed as an official diagnosis. Autie –...
extensively researched autism in preparation for the film, especially Asperger'ssyndrome, as well as Islam. The film was co-produced by Johar's mother, Hiroo...
(2004). "Emanuel Miller lecture: Confusions and controversies about Aspergersyndrome". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 45 (4): 672–686. doi:10...
must also be differentiated from the autism spectrum, specifically Aspergersyndrome. Treatment of avoidant personality disorder can employ various techniques...
as Asperger'sSyndrome). Co-creator Bill Prady has stated that Sheldon's character was neither conceived nor developed with regard to Asperger's, although...
Michael Fitzgerald suggested overlaps between (primary) psychopathy and Aspergersyndrome in terms of fearlessness, planning of acts, empathy deficits, callous...