Ephedrine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is often used to prevent low blood pressure during anesthesia.[6] It has also been used for asthma, narcolepsy, and obesity but is not the preferred treatment.[6] It is of unclear benefit in nasal congestion.[6] It can be taken by mouth or by injection into a muscle, vein, or just under the skin.[6] Onset with intravenous use is fast, while injection into a muscle can take 20 minutes, and by mouth can take an hour for effect.[6] When given by injection it lasts about an hour and when taken by mouth it can last up to four hours.[6]
Common side effects include trouble sleeping, anxiety, headache, hallucinations, high blood pressure, fast heart rate, loss of appetite, and urinary retention.[6] Serious side effects include stroke and heart attack.[6] While likely safe in pregnancy, its use in this population is poorly studied.[7][8] Use during breastfeeding is not recommended.[8] Ephedrine works by increasing the activity of the α and β adrenergic receptors.[6]
Ephedrine was first isolated in 1885 and came into commercial use in 1926.[9][10] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[11] It is available as a generic medication.[6] It can normally be found in plants of the Ephedra genus.[6] Over-the-counter dietary supplements containing ephedrine are illegal in the United States,[6] with the exception of those used in traditional Chinese medicine, where its presence is noted by má huáng.[6]
^Anvisa (2023-03-31). "RDC Nº 784 - Listas de Substâncias Entorpecentes, Psicotrópicas, Precursoras e Outras sob Controle Especial" [Collegiate Board Resolution No. 784 - Lists of Narcotic, Psychotropic, Precursor, and Other Substances under Special Control] (in Brazilian Portuguese). Diário Oficial da União (published 2023-04-04). Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2023-08-15.
^"Ephedrine Hydrochloride 15mg Tablets Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". emc. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
^"Ephedrine Nasal Drops 1.0% Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)". emc. 11 March 2015. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
^"Akovaz- ephedrine sulfate injection". DailyMed. 16 April 2020. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
^"Title 21: Food And Drugs Part 341—Cold, Cough, Allergy, Bronchodilator, And Antiasthmatic Drug Products For Over-The-Counter Human Use". Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Retrieved 8 October 2020.
^ abcdefghijklmn"Ephedrine". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 2017-09-09. Retrieved 8 September 2017.
^Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ (2011). Drugs in pregnancy and lactation : a reference guide to fetal and neonatal risk (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 495. ISBN 9781608317080. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
^ ab"Ephedrine Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings". Archived from the original on 5 August 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2017.
^Soni MG, Shelke K, Amin R, Talati (2013). "A Lessons from the Use of Ephedra Products as a Dietary Supplement". In Bagchi D, Preuss HG (eds.). Obesity epidemiology, pathophysiology, and prevention (2nd ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 692. ISBN 9781439854266. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
^Fischer J, Ganellin CR (2006). Analogue-based Drug Discovery. John Wiley & Sons. p. 541. ISBN 9783527607495.
^World Health Organization (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 22nd list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/345533. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.02.
Ephedrine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant that is often used to prevent low blood pressure during anesthesia. It has also been used for asthma...
wrongly named D-pseudoephedrine and the levorotary l-ephedrine (the diastereomer) wrongly L-ephedrine. The IUPAC names of the two enantiomers are (1S,2S)-...
combination used in weight loss and as a stimulant. ECA is an initialism for ephedrine, caffeine, and aspirin, with variants of it including the EC stack, which...
combination drug containing three active ingredients - theophylline, ephedrine, phenobarbital. This medication relaxes the smooth muscle of the airways...
Thane Police named Kulkarni as one of the accused involved in supplying ephedrine for illicit manufacture of methamphetamine to a ₹2000 crore international...
In enzymology, an ephedrine dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.1.18) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction (-)-ephedrine + NAD+ ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons...
codeine as Kefei and Procodin; with codeine and ephedrine as Dhasedyl, Fendyl, and P.E.C.; with ephedrine and dextromethorphan as Dhasedyl DM; with glutamic...
February 10, 1929) was a Japanese pharmacist, best known for his study of ephedrine. Nagai was born in Myōdō District, Awa Province in what is now Tokushima...
isolated ephedrine from the Chinese ephedra plant and later developed a method for ephedrine synthesis. Methamphetamine was synthesized from ephedrine in 1893...
or last longer, it is said to have ergogenic effects. Drugs such as ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, amphetamine and methylphenidate have well documented...
amine is often an alkaloid, such as nicotine, cocaine, morphine, and ephedrine, or derivatives thereof. Freebasing is a more efficient method of self-administering...
alkaloid ephedrine, normally observed in the different varieties of the gymnosperm genus Ephedra. Recent analyses have revealed that ephedrine and pseudoephedrine...
as a reducing agent related to the production of methamphetamine from ephedrine or pseudoephedrine (recovered from nasal decongestant pills). Henri A...
dextromethorphan, such as in Mucinex DM or Robitussin DM. It is also combined with ephedrine in Primatene and Bronkaid tablets for symptomatic relief of asthma. A...
differences in misuse and side effect profiles. Analogues of PPA include ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, and cathinone. PPA, structurally...
independently from leaves in flowering plants. Ephedra produces the alkaloid ephedrine, which has been shown to interfere with insect thermoregulation and may...
enantiomers are possible. When it is made semi-synthetically from pseudo/ephedrine as a starting material, then only a single enantiomer is produced. Given...
businessman currently under suspicion of trafficking pseudoephedrine or ephedrine precursor chemicals into Mexico from Asia. He is the owner and legal representative...
the market in the United States in 2000, and similar concerns regarding ephedrine resulted in an FDA ban on its inclusion in dietary supplements in 2004...
correct procedures in dealing with eight positive findings for ephedrine and ephedrine-related compounds in low concentration. Additionally, in 1988 the...
Chinese medicine Ephedra (the genus of plants) Ephedra (US-specific page on ephedrine-containing dietary supplements, observed (negative) health effects of...
contradictory. James D. Adams, Jr. and Cecilia Garcia claim it contains no ephedrine, but that it does contain pseudoephedrine. However, a gas chromatograph...
music. Tablets sold as ecstasy may be mixed with other substances such as ephedrine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine. In 2016, about 21 million people between...
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