Close-up of DNA ladders on an agarose gel. GelRed stain was used.Loading of a sample into a polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis well.
An electrophoretic color marker is a chemical used to monitor the progress of agarose gel electrophoresis and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) since DNA, RNA, and most proteins are colourless.[1] The color markers are made up of a mixture of dyes that migrate through the gel matrix alongside the sample of interest. They are typically designed to have different mobilities from the sample components and to generate colored bands that can be used to assess the migration and separation of sample components.[2]
Color markers are often used as molecular weight standards, loading dyes, tracking dyes, or staining solutions. Molecular weight ladders are used to estimate the size of DNA and protein fragments by comparing their migration distance to that of the colored bands.[2] DNA and protein standards are available commercially in a wide range of sizes, and are often provided with pre-stained or color-coded bands for easy identification. Loading dyes are usually added to the sample buffer before loading the sample onto the gel, and they migrate through the gel along with the sample to help track its progress during electrophoresis.[3] Tracking dyes are added to the electrophoresis buffer rather to provide a visual marker of the buffer front. Staining solutions are applied after electrophoresis to visualize the sample bands, and are available in a range of colors.
Different types of electrophoretic color markers are available commercially, with varying numbers and types of dyes or pigments used in the mixture. Some markers generate a series of colored bands with known mobilities, while others produce a single band of a specific color that can be used as a reference point. They are widely used in research, clinical diagnostics, and forensic science.[4]
^"Products: Color Markers for Electrophoresis". Science. 277 (5328): 979. 1997-08-15. doi:10.1126/science.277.5328.979. ISSN 0036-8075.
^ abBubis J (May 2021). "Proposal of a laboratory course dedicated to the generation of protein molecular weight standards for sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis". Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education. 49 (3): 353–360. doi:10.1002/bmb.21476. PMID 33301651. S2CID 228101616.
^Keppler-Ross S, Noffz C, Dean N (May 2008). "A new purple fluorescent color marker for genetic studies in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans". Genetics. 179 (1): 705–710. doi:10.1534/genetics.108.087080. PMC 2390648. PMID 18493083.
^Wiederkehr F, Imfeld H, Vonderschmitt DJ (December 1986). "Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing and agarose gel electrophoresis in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis". Journal of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Biochemistry. Zeitschrift Fur Klinische Chemie und Klinische Biochemie. 24 (12): 1017–1021. doi:10.1515/cclm.1986.24.12.1017. PMID 3819655. S2CID 11465370.
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