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The presence of women in science spans the earliest times of the history of science wherein they have made significant contributions. Historians with an interest in gender and science have researched the scientific endeavors and accomplishments of women, the barriers they have faced, and the strategies implemented to have their work peer-reviewed and accepted in major scientific journals and other publications. The historical, critical, and sociological study of these issues has become an academic discipline in its own right.
The involvement of women in medicine occurred in several early western civilizations, and the study of natural philosophy in ancient Greece was open to women. Women contributed to the proto-science of alchemy in the first or second centuries CE During the Middle Ages, religious convents were an important place of education for women, and some of these communities provided opportunities for women to contribute to scholarly research. The 11th century saw the emergence of the first universities; women were, for the most part, excluded from university education.[1] Outside academia, botany was the science that benefitted most from contributions of women in early modern times.[2] The attitude toward educating women in medical fields appears to have been more liberal in Italy than in other places. The first known woman to earn a university chair in a scientific field of studies was eighteenth-century Italian scientist Laura Bassi.
Gender roles were largely deterministic in the eighteenth century and women made substantial advances in science. During the nineteenth century, women were excluded from most formal scientific education, but they began to be admitted into learned societies during this period. In the later nineteenth century, the rise of the women's college provided jobs for women scientists and opportunities for education. Marie Curie paved the way for scientists to study radioactive decay and discovered the elements radium and polonium.[3] Working as a physicist and chemist, she conducted pioneering research on radioactive decay and was the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize in Physics and became the first person to receive a second Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Sixty women have been awarded the Nobel Prize between 1901 and 2022. Twenty-four women have been awarded the Nobel Prize in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine.[4]
^Whaley, Leigh Ann. Women's History as Scientists. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, INC. 2003.
^"Women in Botany". womeninbotany.ur.de. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
^Rutherford. "Marie Curie." The Slavonic and East European Review, vol. 13, no. 39, 1935, pp. 673–676. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/4203041. Accessed 18 Dec. 2020.
^"Nobel Prize awarded women". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
womeninscience spans the earliest times of the history of science wherein they have made significant contributions. Historians with an interest in gender...
womeninscience, spanning from ancient history up to the 21st century. While the timeline primarily focuses on women involved with natural sciences such...
Women likely played a central role in prehistoric science, as did religious rituals. Some scholars use the term "protoscience" to label activities in...
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fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) have remained predominantly male with historically low participation among women since...
and their role inscience fiction fandom. Regarding authorship, in 1948, 10–15% of science fiction writers were female. Women's role in speculative fiction...
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published in the journal Nature in 2013. It also states that 70 percent of men and women around the world regard science as a male endeavor. Women encounter...
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to the current situation where men dominate in fields relating to engineering sciences. The history of women as designers and builders of machines and structures...
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American Men and Women of Science (40th edition was published in 2022; 41st edition is slated for release in 2023) is a biographical reference work on...
state, there has been conflict between women's rights activists and conservatives about the status of womenin Algeria. The 1984 Algerian Family Code...
public. The field of science education includes work inscience content, science process (the scientific method), some social science, and some teaching...
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professors. In 1995, 11% of professors inscience and engineering were women. In relation, only 311 deans of engineering schools were women, which is less...