Change in the action or side effects of a drug caused
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Grapefruit juice can act as an enzyme inhibitor, affecting the metabolism of drugs.
In pharmaceutical sciences, drug interactions occur when a drug's mechanism of action is affected by the concomitant administration of substances such as foods, beverages, or other drugs. A popular example of drug-food interaction is the effect of grapefruit in the metabolism of drugs.
Interactions may occur by simultaneous targeting of receptors, directly or indirectly. For example, both Zolpidem and alcohol affect GABAA receptors, and their simultaneous consumption results in the overstimulation of the receptor, which can lead to loss of consciousness. When two drugs affect each other, it receives the name of a drug-drug interaction. The risk of a drug-drug interaction (DDI) increases with the number of drugs used.[1]
A large share of elderly people regularly use five or more medications or supplements, with a significant sharte risk of side-effects from drug-drug interactions.[2]
Drug interactions can be of three kinds:
additive (the result is what you expect when you add together the effect of each drug taken independently),
synergistic (combining the drugs leads to a larger effect than expected), or
antagonistic (combining the drugs leads to a smaller effect than expected).[3]
It may be difficult to distinguish between synergistic or additive interactions, as individual effects of drugs may vary.
Direct interactions between drugs are also possible and may occur when two drugs are mixed before intravenous injection. For example, mixing thiopentone and suxamethonium can lead to the precipitation of thiopentone.[4]
^Tannenbaum C, Sheehan NL (July 2014). "Understanding and preventing drug-drug and drug-gene interactions". Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology. 7 (4): 533–44. doi:10.1586/17512433.2014.910111. PMC 4894065. PMID 24745854.
^Qato DM, Wilder J, Schumm LP, Gillet V, Alexander GC (April 2016). "Changes in Prescription and Over-the-Counter Medication and Dietary Supplement Use Among Older Adults in the United States, 2005 vs 2011". JAMA Internal Medicine. 176 (4): 473–82. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.8581. PMC 5024734. PMID 26998708.
^Greco, W. R.; Bravo, G.; Parsons, J. C. (1995). "The search for synergy: a critical review from a response surface perspective". Pharmacological Reviews. 47 (2): 331–385. ISSN 0031-6997. PMID 7568331.
^Khan, Shahab; Stannard, Naina; Greijn, Jeff (2011-07-12). "Precipitation of thiopental with muscle relaxants: a potential hazard". JRSM Short Reports. 2 (7): 58. doi:10.1258/shorts.2011.011031. ISSN 2042-5333. PMC 3147238. PMID 21847440.
beverages, or other drugs. A popular example of drug-food interaction is the effect of grapefruit in the metabolism of drugs. Interactions may occur by simultaneous...
American Outreach. (March 22, 2010). DrugInteractions Checker at Drugs.com: Drug Information Online DrugInteraction Checker at Medscape (registration required)...
Human–computer interaction, interfaces for people using computers Social interaction between people Biological interaction Cell–cell interactionDruginteraction Gene–environment...
salicylate levels are typically done. Negative drug-druginteractions have sometimes been misdiagnosed as an acute drug overdose, occasionally leading to the assumption...
P450-mediated metabolism of another drug, the second drug may accumulate within the body to toxic levels. Hence, these druginteractions may necessitate dosage adjustments...
abnormal alleles or due to druginteractions. Tables are available to check for druginteractions due to P450 interactions. Inheriting abnormal butyrylcholinesterase...
0.co;2. PMID 12022894. Flockhart DA (2007). "DrugInteractions: Cytochrome P450 DrugInteraction Table". Indiana University School of Medicine. Archived...
CYP3A4 enzyme involved in drug and toxin metabolism. Fatal druginteractions have occurred when colchicine was taken with other drugs that inhibit P-glycoprotein...
anti-malarial drug) could increase the plasma concentrations of the substrate. However, clinical studies have shown minimal interactions between montelukast...
the Lancet entitled "Interactions of Citrus Juices with Felodipine and Nifedipine", and was the first reported food-druginteraction clinically. The effects...
a statin is weighed against the potential for adverse effects or druginteractions and informed patient preference is elicited. Moreover, if a risk decision...
emetic, especially in cats. Druginteractions vary with different animals. Xylazine has become a commonly abused street drug in the United States where...
methylphenidate with sustained and selective dopaminergic activity and reduced druginteraction liability". Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. 23...
omeprazole during pregnancy. Important druginteractions are rare. However, the most significant major druginteraction concern is the decreased activation...
non-salicylate NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs), as it may cause drug–herb interaction. Chamomile consists of several ingredients including...
dilution effect, it would be a known druginteraction. Druginteractions are a complex topic. Simplistically, druginteractions can be classified as either synergistic...
system, particularly CYP3A4. The potential exists for adverse druginteractions with other drugs which inhibit or induce CYP3A4, including HIV protease inhibitors...
the development of algorithms to identify drug-druginteractions in medical literature. Drug-druginteractions pose a threat to those taking multiple medications...
concerned with the interaction between drugs and the gut microbiome. Pharmacogenomics is the application of genomic technologies to drug discovery and further...
molecules (drugs) can be designed so as not to affect any other important "off-target" molecules (often referred to as antitargets) since druginteractions with...
Johanna (15 January 2017). "Clementine juice has the potential for druginteractions – In vitro comparison with grapefruit and mandarin juice". European...
prescription drugs or vaccines Overuse of drugs (causing, for example, antibiotic resistance in bacteria) Prescription druginteraction Incorrect prescription...
RIMAs still possess significant and potentially serious druginteractions with many common drugs; in particular, they can cause serotonin syndrome or hypertensive...
the activity or half-life of the following drugs, in order of seriousness and certainty of the interaction: Ciclosporin Coumarin anticoagulants, such...
additional anti-inflammatory actions not shared with most other antihypertensive drugs. Hypertension. Severe depression, severe kidney failure (creatinine clearance...
affect the elimination rate of the second through what is known as a drug-druginteraction. The gene is located on chromosome 22q13.1. near two cytochrome...
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