The Deccan Sultanates were five late-medieval Indian kingdoms—on the Deccan Plateau between the Krishna River and the Vindhya Range—that were ruled by Muslim dynasties: namely Ahmadnagar, Berar, Bidar, Bijapur, and Golconda.[1] The sultanates had become independent during the break-up of the Bahmani Sultanate.[2][3] The five sultanates owed their existence to the declaration of independence of Ahmadnagar in 1490,[4] followed by Bijapur and Berar in the same year. Golconda became independent in 1518, and Bidar in 1528.[5]
Although the five sultanates were all ruled by Muslims, their founders were of diverse, and often originally non-Muslim origins: the Ahmadnagar Sultanate was founded by a Deccani Muslim of Brahmin origins;[6] the Berar Sultanate by a Kannadiga Hindu Brahmin slave brought up as a Deccani Muslim;[7][8] the Bidar Sultanate was founded by a Georgian slave;[9] the Bijapur Sultanate was founded by a Georgian slave purchased by Mahmud Gawan;[10] and the Golconda Sultanate was of Iranian Turkmen origin.[11][12]
All the Deccan Sultanates based their legitimacy as the successor states of the Bahmanid dynasty, and continued to use Bahmanid coins rather than issue their own coins.[13] Although generally rivals, the sultanates did ally with each other against the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565, permanently weakening Vijayanagara in the Battle of Talikota. Notably, the alliance destroyed the entire city of Vijayanagara, with important temples, such as the Vitthala Temple, being razed to the ground.
In 1574, after a coup in Berar, Ahmadnagar invaded and conquered it. In 1619, Bidar was annexed by Bijapur. The sultanates were later conquered by the Mughal Empire: Berar was stripped from Ahmadnagar in 1596; Ahmadnagar was completely taken between 1616 and 1636; and Golconda and Bijapur were conquered by Aurangzeb's 1686–87 campaign.[14]
^Sohoni, Pushkar (2018). The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate: Courtly Practice and Royal Authority in Late Medieval India. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 9781784537944.
^Majumdar, R. C. (ed.) (2006). The Delhi Sultanate, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, p. 269
^Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 117–119. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
^Navina Najat Haidar, Marika Sardar · (2015). Sultans of Deccan India, 1500–1700. Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9780300211108.
^Majumdar, R. C. (ed.) (2007). The Mughul Empire, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, ISBN 81-7276-407-1, p. 412
^Sakkottai Krishnaswami Aiyangar (1951). Ancient India and South Indian History & Culture. Oriental Book Agency. p. 81.
^Thomas Wolseley Haig · (101). Historic Landmarks of the Deccan. Pioneer Press. p. 6.
^Cite error: The named reference Ferishta was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Bosworth (1996). The New Islamic Dynasties. Columbia University Press.
^I. M. Muthanna (1977). Karnataka, History, Administration & Culture. Lotus Printers. p. 120. Archived from the original on 27 May 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2021.
^Minorsky, V. (1955). "The Qara-qoyunlu and the Qutb-shāhs (Turkmenica, 10)". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 17 (1). Cambridge University Press: 50–73. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00106342. JSTOR 609229. S2CID 162273460. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
^Khan, Masud Husain (1996). Mohammad Quli Qutb Shah. Sahitya Akademi. p. 2. ISBN 9788126002337. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
^Pushkar Sohoni (2018). The Architecture of a Deccan Sultanate. p. 59. ISBN 9781838609283.
^"500 years of Deccan history fading away due to neglect". The Times of India. 27 December 2018. Archived from the original on 28 December 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2018.
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