Global InformationAdil Shahi dynasty information
Adil Shahi Dynasty of Bijapur | |||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1490–1686 | |||||||||||||||||||
 Map of the Adil Shahi dynasty of the Bijapur Sultanate with vassals[1][2] | |||||||||||||||||||
| Capital | Bijapur | ||||||||||||||||||
| Common languages | Persian (official)[3] Deccani Urdu,[4] Kannada (since 1535)[5] Marathi (written only, for local government)[6] | ||||||||||||||||||
| Religion |
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| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||||||||||||
| Sultan | |||||||||||||||||||
• 1490–1510 | Yusuf Adil Shah | ||||||||||||||||||
• 1510–1534 | Ismail Adil Shah | ||||||||||||||||||
• 1534 | Mallu Adil Shah | ||||||||||||||||||
• 1534–1558 | Ibrahim Adil Shah I | ||||||||||||||||||
• 1558–1579[7] | Ali Adil Shah I | ||||||||||||||||||
• 1580–1627 | Ibrahim Adil Shah II | ||||||||||||||||||
• 1627–1656 | Mohammed Adil Shah | ||||||||||||||||||
• 1656–1672 | Ali Adil Shah II | ||||||||||||||||||
• 1672–1686 | Sikandar Adil Shah | ||||||||||||||||||
| Historical era | Late Medieval | ||||||||||||||||||
• Established | 1490 | ||||||||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1686 | ||||||||||||||||||
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| Today part of | India | ||||||||||||||||||
The Adil Shahi or Adilshahi, was a Shia,[11] and later Sunni Muslim,[8][9][10] dynasty founded by Yusuf Adil Shah, that ruled the Sultanate of Bijapur, centred on present-day Bijapur district, Karnataka in India, in the Western area of the Deccan region of Southern India from 1489 to 1686.[12] Bijapur had been a province of the Bahmani Sultanate (1347–1518), and member of the Deccan Sultanates, before its political decline in the last quarter of the 15th century and eventual break-up in 1518. The Bijapur Sultanate was fully absorbed into the Mughal Empire on 12 September 1686, after its conquest by the Emperor Aurangzeb.[13]
The founder of the dynasty, Yusuf Adil Shah (1490–1510), was appointed governor of the province by its Bahmani rulers, before creating a de facto independent Bijapur state. Yusuf and his son, Ismail, generally used the title Adil Khan. 'Khan', meaning 'Chief' in various Central Asian cultures and adopted in Persian, conferred a lower status than 'Shah', indicating royal rank. Only with the rule of Yusuf's grandson, Ibrahim Adil Shah I (1534–1558), did the title of Adil Shah come into common use. Even then, Bijapur rulers recognized Safavid Persian suzerainty over their realm.[14]
The Bijapur Sultanate's borders changed considerably throughout its history. Its northern boundary remained relatively stable, straddling contemporary Southern Maharashtra and Northern Karnataka. The Sultanate expanded southward, first with the conquest of the Raichur Doab following the defeat of the Vijayanagara empire at the Battle of Talikota in 1565. Later campaigns, notably during the reign of Mohammed Adil Shah (1627–1657), extended Bijapur's formal borders and nominal authority as far south as Bangalore. Bijapur was bounded on the West by the Portuguese state of Goa and on the East by the Sultanate of Golconda, ruled by the Qutb Shahi dynasty.
The former Bahmani provincial capital of Bijapur remained the capital of the Sultanate throughout its existence. After modest earlier developments, Ibrahim Adil Shah I (1534–1558) and Ali Adil Shah I (1558–1579) remodelled Bijapur, providing the citadel and city walls, congregational mosque, core royal palaces and major water supply infrastructure. Their successors, Ibrahim Adil Shah II (1580–1627), Mohammed Adil Shah (1627–1657) and Ali Adil Shah II (1657–1672), further adorned Bijapur with palaces, mosques, mausoleum and other structures, considered to be some of the finest examples of Deccan Sultanate and Indo-Islamic Architecture.
Bijapur was caught up in the instability and conflict resulting from the collapse of the Bahmani Empire. Constant warring, both with the Vijayanagara Empire and the other Deccan Sultanates, curtailed the development of state before the Deccan Sultanates allied to achieve victory over Vijayanagara at Talikota in 1565. Bijapur eventually conquered the neighbouring Sultanate of Bidar in 1619. The Portuguese Empire exerted pressure on the major Adil Shahi port of Goa, until it was conquered during the reign of Ibrahim II. The Sultanate was thereafter relatively stable, although it was damaged by the revolt of Shivaji, whose father was Maratha commander in the service of Adil Shah. Shivaji founded an independent Maratha Kingdom which went on to become the Maratha Empire, one of the largest empires in India, just before the British conquered India. The greatest threat to Bijapur's security was, from the late 16th century, the expansion of the Mughal Empire into the Deccan. Although it may be the case that the Mughals destroyed the Adilshahi, it was Shivaji's revolt which weakened the Adilshahi control. Various agreements and treaties imposed Mughal suzerainty on the Adil Shahs, by stages, until Bijapur's formal recognition of Mughal authority in 1636. The demands of their Mughal overlords sapped the Adil Shahs of their wealth until the Mughal conquest of Bijapur in 1686.
- ^ Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). A Historical atlas of South Asia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 147, map XIV.4 (k). ISBN 0226742210.
- ^ S.k.sinha (1968). Medieval History Of The Deccan. p. 171."the Adil Shahis was a sizeable state comprising of the whole of Karnataka, some Marati speaking districts, Sholapur and Osmanabad, Tanjore and Madura of the Tamilnad and some of the Zamindaris of the present Kerala State extending up to Cochin."
- ^ Baqir, Muhammad. "BĪJĀPŪR – Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org. Encyclopedia Iranica. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
The official language of the court at Bījāpūr during the ʿĀdelšāhī period and until the end of Mughal rule in 1274/1858 was Persian. Indeed, Yūsof ʿĀdelšāh (895–916/1489–1510) and his son Esmāʿīl themselves wrote poetry in Persian, Esmāʿīl under the pen name Wafāʾī. The ʿĀdelšāhīs established Shiʿism in Bījāpūr and actively encouraged the immigration of Persian writers and religious figures.
- ^ Satish Chandra, Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals, Part II, (Har-Anand, 2009), 210.
- ^ Alam, Muzaffar (1998). "The pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics". Modern Asian Studies. 32 (2). Cambridge University Press: 317–349. doi:10.1017/s0026749x98002947. S2CID 146630389.
- ^ Sheikh, Samira (2021). "Persian in the Villages, or, the Language of Jamiat Rai's Account Books". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 64 (5–6): 704. doi:10.1163/15685209-12341551.
The Adil Shahi rulers of Bijapur used written Marathi for local government, including revenue collection and judicial matters, as did the Nizam Shahis.
- ^ a b Footnote in Page 2 of Translator's preface in the book Tohfut-ul-mujahideen: An Historical Work in the Arabic Language written by Zayn al-Dīn b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz al- Malībārī (Translated into English by Lt. M.J. Rowlandson)
- ^ a b Muhammad Qasim Firishta's Tarikh-e-Firishta.
- ^ a b Busateenus-Salateen a Persian Manuscript of Mirza Ibrahim Zubairi.
- ^ a b Mirza Ibrahim Zubairi, Rouzatul Auliya-e-Bijapur.
- ^ Salma Ahmed Farooqui, A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century, (Dorling Kindersley Pvt Ltd., 2011), 174.
- ^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. p. 119. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
- ^ The Peacock Throne by Waldemar Hansen. ISBN 978-81-208-0225-4. p. 468.
- ^ Anwar, M. Siraj (1991). "The Safavids and Mughal Relations with the Deccan States". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 52: 255–262. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44142611.