Not to be confused with Cytokine release syndrome.
Medical condition
Cytokine storm
Other names
hypercytokinemia
Specialty
Immunology
A cytokine storm, also called hypercytokinemia, is a pathological reaction in humans and other animals in which the innate immune system causes an uncontrolled and excessive release of pro-inflammatory signaling molecules called cytokines. Cytokines are a normal part of the body's immune response to infection, but their sudden release in large quantities may cause multisystem organ failure and death.[1]
Cytokine storms may be caused by infectious or non-infectious etiologies, especially viral respiratory infections such as H1N1 influenza, H5N1 influenza, SARS-CoV-1,[2][3] SARS-CoV-2, Influenza B, and parainfluenza virus. Other causative agents include the Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, group A streptococcus, and non-infectious conditions such as graft-versus-host disease.[4] The viruses can invade lung epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages to produce viral nucleic acid, which stimulates the infected cells to release cytokines and chemokines, activating macrophages, dendritic cells, and others.[5]
Cytokine storm syndrome is a diverse set of conditions that can result in a cytokine storm. Cytokine storm syndromes include familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, Epstein-Barr virus–associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, systemic or non-systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis–associated macrophage activation syndrome, NLRC4 macrophage activation syndrome, cytokine release syndrome and sepsis.[6]
^Farsalinos, Konstantinos; Barbouni, Anastasia; Niaura, Raymond (2020). "Systematic review of the prevalence of current smoking among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in China: Could nicotine be a therapeutic option?". Internal and Emergency Medicine. 15 (5): 845–852. doi:10.1007/s11739-020-02355-7. PMC 7210099. PMID 32385628.
^Wong, Jonathan P.; Viswanathan, Satya; Wang, Ming; Sun, Lun-Quan; Clark, Graeme C.; D'Elia, Riccardo V. (February 2017). "Current and future developments in the treatment of virus-induced hypercytokinemia". Future Medicinal Chemistry. 9 (2): 169–178. doi:10.4155/fmc-2016-0181. ISSN 1756-8927. PMC 7079716. PMID 28128003.
^Liu, Qiang; Zhou, Yuan-hong; Yang, Zhan-qiu (January 2016). "The cytokine storm of severe influenza and development of immunomodulatory therapy". Cellular & Molecular Immunology. 13 (1): 3–10. doi:10.1038/cmi.2015.74. PMC 4711683. PMID 26189369.
^Tisoncik, Jennifer R.; Korth, Marcus J.; Simmons, Cameron P.; Farrar, Jeremy; Martin, Thomas R.; Katze, Michael G. (2012). "Into the Eye of the Cytokine Storm". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 76 (1): 16–32. doi:10.1128/MMBR.05015-11. ISSN 1092-2172. PMC 3294426. PMID 22390970.
^Behrens, Edward M.; Koretzky, Gary A. (2017). "Review: Cytokine Storm Syndrome: Looking Toward the Precision Medicine Era". Arthritis & Rheumatology. 69 (6): 1135–1143. doi:10.1002/art.40071. ISSN 2326-5205. PMID 28217930.
A cytokinestorm, also called hypercytokinemia, is a pathological reaction in humans and other animals in which the innate immune system causes an uncontrolled...
Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–25 kDa) important in cell signaling. Due to their size, cytokines cannot cross the lipid...
refers to cytokinestorm syndromes (CSS) and occurs when large numbers of white blood cells are activated and release inflammatory cytokines, which in...
macrophages that secrete high amounts of inflammatory cytokines. It is classified as one of the cytokinestorm syndromes. There are inherited and non-inherited...
death in animal models of cytokinestorm. As a repurposed drug, prazosin is being investigated for the prevention of cytokinestorm syndrome and complications...
of water. The virus was particularly deadly because it triggered a cytokinestorm, ravaging the stronger immune system of young adults, although the viral...
Pinto AC, Santos RR, Rocha AP, et al. (29 June 2021). "Biomarkers of cytokinestorm as red flags for severe and fatal COVID-19 cases: A living systematic...
COVID-19 patients may lead to the initiation of the cytokinestorm. This excess release of cytokines may lead to myocardial injury. In addition to direct...
systemic inflammation (SI) is the result of release of pro-inflammatory cytokines from immune-related cells and the chronic activation of the innate immune...
SJ, Castello-Cortes A, Brunner MD, Panoskaltsis N (September 2006). "Cytokinestorm in a phase 1 trial of the anti-CD28 monoclonal antibody TGN1412". The...
and organ failure. It is a subset of cytokinestorm, in which there is abnormal regulation of various cytokines. SIRS is also closely related to sepsis...
expected to possess anti-inflammatory properties that could lessen the cytokinestorm associated with a SARS-CoV-2 infection, but the trials did not demonstrate...
impact on reducing cytokinestorms, further studies did not confirm this expected benefit on COVID-19 patients. A cytokinestorm refers to an excessive...
damage to host tissues while the infection is being countered (e.g., cytokinestorm). The virulence factors of bacteria are typically proteins or other...
and to survive. This is consistent with the frequent development of a cytokinestorm in the affected. Few persons over 50 years of age seem to have become...
Proposing a Ketone-Based Metabolic Therapy as a Treatment to Blunt the CytokineStorm". Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2020: 6401341. doi:10.1155/2020/6401341...
pro-inflammatory response called a cytokinestorm. Infection with H5N1 or H7N9 especially produces high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In bacterial infections...
than aerobically converted to acetyl-CoA. Similarly, a virus-induced cytokinestorm can compromise metabolic flexibility by inactivating the pyruvate dehydrogenase...
half the cases as a "trigger". It is thought that cytokines are activated leading to a cytokinestorm with the potentially fatal consequences of organ...
sepsis characterized by excessive inflammation (sometimes resulting in a cytokinestorm) may be followed by a prolonged period of decreased functioning of the...
when an animal pathogen infects a human (e.g. avian flu leads to a cytokinestorm which contributes to the increased mortality rate). In all vertebrates...
and "strawberry tongue". Various mental disturbances are possible. A cytokinestorm may take place, in which the child's innate immune system stages an...
be activated at one time. This polyclonal T-cell population causes a cytokinestorm, followed by a multisystem disease. A few possible causes of toxic shock...
Janus kinase-1/2 inhibitor targeting viral entry, replication and the cytokinestorm, and is associated with beneficial outcomes including in severely ill...
changes) can cause MCD in a fraction of patients by producing cytokines that initiate a cytokinestorm. In patients who have both POEMS-associated MCD, treatment...
Rowe, Jared; Sundel, Robert P. (2019-02-14). "Calm in the midst of cytokinestorm: a collaborative approach to the diagnosis and treatment of hemophagocytic...
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