Cortical granule (CG) distribution within cortex of human oocyte at metaphase II
Cortical granules are regulatory secretory organelles (ranging from 0.2 um to 0.6 um in diameter) found within oocytes and are most associated with polyspermy prevention after the event of fertilization.[1] Cortical granules are found among all mammals, many vertebrates, and some invertebrates.[2] Within the oocyte, cortical granules are located along the cortex, the region furthest from the cell's center. Following fertilization, a signaling pathway induces the cortical granules to fuse with the oocyte's cell membrane and release their contents into the oocyte's extracellular matrix. This exocytosis of cortical granules is known as the cortical reaction. In mammals, the oocyte's extracellular matrix includes a surrounding layer of perivitelline space, zona pellucida, and finally cumulus cells. Experimental evidence has demonstrated that the released contents of the cortical granules modify the oocyte's extracellular matrix, particularly the zona pellucida. This alteration of the zona pellucida components is known as the zona reaction. The cortical reaction does not occur in all mammals, suggesting the likelihood of other functional purposes for cortical granules.[1] In addition to modifying the oocyte's extracellular matrix and establishing a block to polyspermy, the exocytosis of cortical granules may also contribute towards protection and support of the developing embryo during preimplantation.[3] Once the cortical granules complete their functions, the oocyte does not replenish them.[1]
^ abcLiu, Min (17 November 2011). "The biology and dynamics of mammalian cortical granules". Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology. 9 (1): 149. doi:10.1186/1477-7827-9-149. PMC 3228701. PMID 22088197.
^Wessel, Gary M.; Brooks, Jacqueline M.; Green, Emma; Haley, Sheila; Voronina, Ekaterina; Wong, Julian; Zaydfudim, Victor; Conner, Sean (2001). The Biology of Cortical Granules. Vol. 209. pp. 117–206. doi:10.1016/s0074-7696(01)09012-x. ISBN 9780123646132. PMID 11580200. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
^Hoodbhoy, Tanya; Talbot, P. (December 1994). "Mammalian Cortical Granules: Contents, Fate, and Function" (PDF). Molecular Reproduction and Development. 39 (4): 439–448. doi:10.1002/mrd.1080390413. PMID 7893493. S2CID 640323. Retrieved 13 May 2015.
reaction. The cortical reaction does not occur in all mammals, suggesting the likelihood of other functional purposes for corticalgranules. In addition...
entering the egg. Therefore, the cortical reaction prevents polyspermic fertilization, a lethal event. Another corticalgranule component, polysaccharide-rich...
populations of granule cells are also the only major neuronal populations that undergo adult neurogenesis, while cerebellar and corticalgranule cells do not...
disintegrate. The fusion of sperm and oocyte membranes causes cortical reaction to occur. Corticalgranules inside the secondary oocyte fuse with the plasma membrane...
calcium ions within the egg. These calcium ions are responsible for the corticalgranule reaction, and are also stored in the egg's endoplasmic reticulum. Unlike...
Cerebellar granule cells form the thick granular layer of the cerebellar cortex and are among the smallest neurons in the brain. (The term granule cell is...
Hyalin is a protein released from the corticalgranules of a fertilized animal egg. The released hyalin modifies the extracellular matrix of the fertilized...
ratios, which sets it apart from its counterparts. It also has a unique corticalgranule pattern that consists of a single CG row. Table 1 A summary of characteristics...
The corticalgranules inside the oocyte then fuse to the outer membrane, and a quick fast block reaction occurs. Furthermore, the corticalgranules inside...
triggers the cortical reaction, which results in depositing several substances onto the vitelline membrane through exocytosis of the corticalgranules, transforming...
polyspermy, the corticalgranules released from the ovum are deposited in the perivitelline space. Polysaccharides released in the granules cause the space...
the bottom of the brain, tucked underneath the cerebral hemispheres. Its cortical surface is covered with finely spaced parallel grooves, in striking contrast...
(Jul 2005). "Xenopus galectin-VIIa binds N-glycans of members of the corticalgranule lectin family (xCGL and xCGL2)". Glycobiology. 15 (7): 709–20. doi:10...
the release of calcium causes the cortical reaction, in which various enzymes are released from corticalgranules in the eggs plasma membrane, causing...
periallocortex. Paleocortex is a type of thin, primitive cortical tissue that consists of three cortical laminae (layers of neuronal cell bodies). The two granular...
has shown that a similar pattern of granule cell dispersion may occur in persons without epilepsy. Focal cortical dysplasia is a brain malformation that...
synaptic field and inhibit granule cells via feedforward and feedback inhibitory loops. These cells synapse onto the dendrite of granule cells and unipolar brush...
called radiated corona cells. At this stage, the oocyte produces corticalgranules containing acid glycoproteins. Dominant follicle selection: The follicle...
proteins to form a coat called zona pellucida and they also produce corticalgranules containing enzymes and proteins needed for fertilization. Meiosis...
responsible for the primary block to polyspermy in mammals. The oocyte has corticalgranules peripherally located under the cortex that contain a proteolytic protein...
the release of corticalgranules that release enzymes which digest sperm receptor proteins, thus preventing polyspermy. The granules also fuse with the...
cerebellum—produces the granule neurons. The granule neurons migrate from this exterior layer to form an inner layer known as the internal granule layer. The external...
folia from forming. Cortical neurons are generated normally but are abnormally placed, resulting in disorganization of cortical laminar layers in the...
neurons whose axonal process projects locally; the best example is the granule cell Anaxonic: where the axon cannot be distinguished from the dendrite(s)...
membrane transport vesicle cytoplasm membrane cytoplasmic vesicle corticalgranule Biological process fertilization positive regulation of protein processing...
necessary and sufficient to trigger the slow block. In the cortical reaction, corticalgranules directly beneath the plasma membrane are released into the...
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