Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gallbladder.[8] Symptoms include right upper abdominal pain, pain in the right shoulder, nausea, vomiting, and occasionally fever.[1] Often gallbladder attacks (biliary colic) precede acute cholecystitis.[1] The pain lasts longer in cholecystitis than in a typical gallbladder attack.[1] Without appropriate treatment, recurrent episodes of cholecystitis are common.[1] Complications of acute cholecystitis include gallstone pancreatitis, common bile duct stones, or inflammation of the common bile duct.[1][8]
More than 90% of the time acute cholecystitis is caused from blockage of the cystic duct by a gallstone.[1] Risk factors for gallstones include birth control pills, pregnancy, a family history of gallstones, obesity, diabetes, liver disease, or rapid weight loss.[4] Occasionally, acute cholecystitis occurs as a result of vasculitis or chemotherapy, or during recovery from major trauma or burns.[9] Cholecystitis is suspected based on symptoms and laboratory testing.[5] Abdominal ultrasound is then typically used to confirm the diagnosis.[5]
Treatment is usually with laparoscopic gallbladder removal, within 24 hours if possible.[7][10] Taking pictures of the bile ducts during the surgery is recommended.[7] The routine use of antibiotics is controversial.[5][11] They are recommended if surgery cannot occur in a timely manner or if the case is complicated.[5] Stones in the common bile duct can be removed before surgery by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or during surgery.[7] Complications from surgery are rare.[4] In people unable to have surgery, gallbladder drainage may be tried.[5]
About 10–15% of adults in the developed world have gallstones.[5] Women more commonly have stones than men and they occur more commonly after age 40.[4] Certain ethnic groups are more often affected; for example, 48% of American Indians have gallstones.[4] Of all people with stones, 1–4% have biliary colic each year.[5] If untreated, about 20% of people with biliary colic develop acute cholecystitis.[5] Once the gallbladder is removed outcomes are generally good.[4] Without treatment, chronic cholecystitis may occur.[2] The word is from Greek, cholecyst- meaning "gallbladder" and -itis meaning "inflammation".[12]
^ abcdefghStrasberg, SM (26 June 2008). "Clinical practice. Acute calculous cholecystitis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 358 (26): 2804–11. doi:10.1056/nejmcp0800929. PMID 18579815.
^ abFeldman, Mark (2010). Sleisenger & Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and liver disease pathophysiology, diagnosis, management (9 ed.). [S.l.]: MD Consult. p. 1065. ISBN 9781437727678. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
^Levy, Angela D.; Mortele, Koenraad J.; Yeh, Benjamin M. (2015). Gastrointestinal Imaging. Oxford University Press. p. 456. ISBN 9780199392148. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
^ abcdefg"Gallstones". NIDDK. November 2013. Archived from the original on 28 July 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.
^ abcdefghijAnsaloni, L (2016). "2016 WSES guidelines on acute calculous cholecystitis". World Journal of Emergency Surgery. 11: 25. doi:10.1186/s13017-016-0082-5. PMC 4908702. PMID 27307785.
^Ferri, Fred F. (2010). Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Mosby. p. Chapter C. ISBN 978-0323076999.
^ abcdPatel, PP; Daly, SC; Velasco, JM (18 October 2015). "Training vs practice: A tale of opposition in acute cholecystitis". World Journal of Hepatology. 7 (23): 2470–3. doi:10.4254/wjh.v7.i23.2470. PMC 4606202. PMID 26483868.
^ abInternal Clinical Guidelines Team (October 2014). "Gallstone Disease: Diagnosis and Management of Cholelithiasis, Cholecystitis and Choledocholithiasis. Clinical Guideline 188": 101. PMID 25473723. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^"Section VIII". Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Management (10 ed.). Elsevier Health Sciences. 2015. p. 1154. ISBN 9781455749898. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
^van Dijk, AH; de Reuver, PR; Tasma, TN; van Dieren, S; Hugh, TJ; Boermeester, MA (June 2016). "Systematic review of antibiotic treatment for acute calculous cholecystitis". The British Journal of Surgery. 103 (7): 797–811. doi:10.1002/bjs.10146. PMID 27027851. S2CID 205507793.
^Collins, Edwards (2013). A Short Course in Medical Terminology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 246. ISBN 9781469835785. Archived from the original on 2017-09-08.
gallbladder attacks (biliary colic) precede acute cholecystitis. The pain lasts longer in cholecystitis than in a typical gallbladder attack. Without appropriate...
remains so for a prolonged period, the person develops acute cholecystitis. Pain in cholecystitis is similar to that of biliary colic, but lasts longer than...
treated with removal of the gallbladder (called a cholecystectomy). Cholecystitis, inflammation of the gallbladder, has a wide range of causes, including...
first-line form of imaging varies depending on indication. For example for cholecystitis, cheaper and less invasive ultrasound imaging may be preferred, while...
usually have normal vital signs with biliary colic, whereas patients with cholecystitis are usually febrile and more ill appearing. Lab studies that should...
are the most common disease and can lead to other diseases, including Cholecystitis, inflammation of the gallbladder, and gallstone pancreatitis when the...
at least 72 hours of medical treatment) Severe acute cholecystitis (Grade III acute cholecystitis according to the Tokyo Guidelines) Contraindications...
sign found on physical examination, but both signs are associated with cholecystitis When the sonographer presses directly over the gallbladder, and the...
women than men, usually in seventh and eighth decades Obesity Chronic cholecystitis and cholelithiasis Primary sclerosing cholangitis Chronic typhoid infection...
Complications from gallstones may include inflammation of the gallbladder (cholecystitis), inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), obstructive jaundice...
sentinel loop is usually seen in the left hypochondrium, while in acute cholecystitis, it is seen in the right hypochondrium. In acute appendicitis, the sentinel...
refeeding syndrome. Total parenteral nutrition increases the risk of acute cholecystitis due to complete disuse of the gastrointestinal tract, which may result...
concentrations not related to an actual kidney injury, as in some cases with cholecystitis.[citation needed] Several medications and chromogens can interfere with...
colorectal carcinoma, meconium peritonitis), or of the gallbladder (cholecystitis). Other possible reasons for perforation include abdominal trauma, ingestion...
These include pancreatitis, small bowel obstruction, appendicitis, cholecystitis, hepatitis, Addisonian crisis, diabetic ketoacidosis, increased intracranial...
that can produce similar symptoms include pericarditis, heart attack, cholecystitis, pulmonary embolism, and pneumothorax. Diagnostic testing may include...
intestinal malrotation. The RUQ may be painful or tender in hepatitis, cholecystitis, and peptic ulcer. The RLQ, in particular the right inguinal region...
Choledoc: Common bile duct "Chole", medical slang for cholecystitis, or a patient with cholecystitis, an inflammation of the gallbladder "Chole", also medical...
strawberry gallbladder. It is not tied to cholelithiasis (gallstones) or cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder). Micrograph of cholesterolosis of...
differential diagnosis for pancreatitis includes but is not limited to cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis, perforated peptic ulcer, bowel infarction, small...
leaf and stem are used to treat hepatitis, hyperlipaemia and infected cholecystitis. It contains flavonoids, sesquiterpenes and other bio-active constituents...
bile duct. Ultrasound can help distinguish between cholangitis and cholecystitis (inflammation of the gallbladder), which has similar symptoms to cholangitis...