A chemoreceptor, also known as chemosensor, is a specialized sensory receptor which transduces a chemical substance (endogenous or induced) to generate a biological signal.[1] This signal may be in the form of an action potential, if the chemoreceptor is a neuron,[2] or in the form of a neurotransmitter that can activate a nerve fiber if the chemoreceptor is a specialized cell, such as taste receptors,[3] or an internal peripheral chemoreceptor, such as the carotid bodies.[4] In physiology, a chemoreceptor detects changes in the normal environment, such as an increase in blood levels of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) or a decrease in blood levels of oxygen (hypoxia), and transmits that information to the central nervous system which engages body responses to restore homeostasis.
In bacteria, chemoreceptors are essential in the mediation of chemotaxis.[5][6]
^Kumar, Prem; Prabhakar, Nanduri R. (January 2012). "Peripheral Chemoreceptors: Function and Plasticity of the Carotid Body". Comprehensive Physiology. 2 (1): 141–219. doi:10.1002/cphy.c100069. ISBN 978-0-470-65071-4. PMC 3919066. PMID 23728973.
^Rawson, Nancy E.; Yee, Karen K. (2006). "Transduction and Coding". Taste and Smell. Advances in Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. Vol. 63. pp. 23–43. doi:10.1159/000093749. ISBN 3-8055-8123-8. PMID 16733331.
^Saunders, Cecil J.; Christensen, Michael; Finger, Thomas E.; Tizzano, Marco (22 April 2014). "Cholinergic neurotransmission links solitary chemosensory cells to nasal inflammation". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 111 (16): 6075–6080. Bibcode:2014PNAS..111.6075S. doi:10.1073/pnas.1402251111. PMC 4000837. PMID 24711432.
^Nurse, Colin A.; Piskuric, Nikol A. (January 2013). "Signal processing at mammalian carotid body chemoreceptors". Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology. 24 (1): 22–30. doi:10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.09.006. PMID 23022231.
^Hazelbauer, Gerald L.; Falke, Joseph J.; Parkinson, John S. (January 2008). "Bacterial chemoreceptors: high-performance signaling in networked arrays". Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 33 (1): 9–19. doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2007.09.014. ISSN 0968-0004. PMC 2890293. PMID 18165013.
^Bi, Shuangyu; Lai, Luhua (February 2015). "Bacterial chemoreceptors and chemoeffectors". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 72 (4): 691–708. doi:10.1007/s00018-014-1770-5. ISSN 1420-9071. PMID 25374297. S2CID 15976114.
A chemoreceptor, also known as chemosensor, is a specialized sensory receptor which transduces a chemical substance (endogenous or induced) to generate...
Peripheral chemoreceptors (of the carotid and aortic bodies) are so named because they are sensory extensions of the peripheral nervous system into blood...
Central chemoreceptors of the central nervous system, located on the ventrolateral medullary surface in the vicinity of the exit of the 9th and 10th cranial...
The chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) is an area of the medulla oblongata that receives inputs from blood-borne drugs or hormones, and communicates with...
Nematode chemoreceptors are chemoreceptors of nematodes. Animals recognise a wide variety of chemicals using their senses of taste and smell. The nematode...
Receptors on the floor of the fourth ventricle of the brain represent a chemoreceptor trigger zone, known as the area postrema, stimulation of which can lead...
known as sensillae. A butterfly's sense of taste is coordinated by chemoreceptors on the tarsi, or feet, which work only on contact, and are used to determine...
and is sustained via neural processing originating in the carotid chemoreceptors. The most noticeable effects are on the cardiovascular system, which...
carotid bodies and aortic bodies. Glomus type I cells are peripheral chemoreceptors which sense the oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH levels of the blood. When...
carbon dioxide. Chemoreceptors in the body sense a change in partial pressures and pH (hydrogen ion concentration) in the blood. Chemoreceptors are responsible...
of sensory receptor cells (such as mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, thermoreceptors) in sensory organs transduct sensory information from...
posterior mantle margins. The organs are usually mechanoreceptors or chemoreceptors, in some cases located on short tentacles. The osphradium is a patch...
The olm (German: [ɔlm] ) or proteus (Proteus anguinus) is an aquatic salamander which is the only species in the genus Proteus of the family Proteidae...
concentration of carbon dioxide, controls the respiratory rate. The peripheral chemoreceptors that detect changes in the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide are located...
that receive information from the peripheral and central chemoreceptors. These chemoreceptors continuously monitor the partial pressures of carbon dioxide...
posterior 1/3) and vagus nerve (CN X) (from small area on the epiglottis). Chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors of the general visceral afferent pathway (GVA)...
including baroreceptors, sensing the stretching of blood vessels and chemoreceptors, sensing the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and its...
the alkaloid nature of the discharge which may interfere with their chemoreceptors. Cephalopods have the most highly developed nervous systems among invertebrates...
solitary nucleus: central chemoreceptors aortic body chemoreceptors, which send impulses via the vagus nerves carotid body chemoreceptors, which send impulses...
stimulus. In more complex animals, specialized receptor cells such as chemoreceptors and photoreceptors are found in groups and send messages along neural...
outer layers of the aorta. The aortic arch contains baroreceptors and chemoreceptors that relay information concerning blood pressure and blood pH and carbon...
medication provides relief from nausea by blocking D2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and from gastrointestinal symptoms by blocking D2 receptors...
metoclopramide is due to its antagonist activity at D2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone in the central nervous system — this action prevents nausea...
central antidopaminergic effects, but blocks opioid emetic action in the chemoreceptor trigger zone. This drug is not available in the U.S. Some antihistamines...
the nose. The vomeronasal organ, also called Jacobson's organ, is a chemoreceptor organ named for its closeness to the vomer and nasal bones, and is particularly...
to motor neurons and sensory cells in each segment. Large numbers of chemoreceptors concentrate near its mouth. Circumferential and longitudinal muscles...
understood. It may have effects directly on the vestibular system and on the chemoreceptor trigger zone. Cyclizine exerts a central anticholinergic (antimuscarinic)...
excitability and vestibular stimulation, and it may affect the medullary chemoreceptor trigger zone. It has, however, been suggested that meclizine only has...
anticholinergic drugs. Hyoscine butylbromide is still capable of affecting the chemoreceptor trigger zone, due to the lack of a well-developed blood-brain barrier...
to physiological changes. The respiratory center receives input from chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, the cerebral cortex, and the hypothalamus in order...
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