The physiological responses to immersion of air-breathing vertebrates
Diving reflex in a human baby
The diving reflex, also known as the diving response and mammalian diving reflex, is a set of physiological responses to immersion that overrides the basic homeostatic reflexes, and is found in all air-breathing vertebrates studied to date.[1][2][3] It optimizes respiration by preferentially distributing oxygen stores to the heart and brain, enabling submersion for an extended time.
The diving reflex is exhibited strongly in aquatic mammals, such as seals,[1][4] otters, dolphins,[5] and muskrats,[6] and exists as a lesser response in other animals, including human babies up to 6 months old (see infant swimming), and diving birds, such as ducks and penguins.[1] Adult humans generally exhibit a mild response, the dive-hunting Sama-Bajau people being a notable outlier.[7]
The diving reflex is triggered specifically by chilling and wetting the nostrils and face while breath-holding,[2][8][9] and is sustained via neural processing originating in the carotid chemoreceptors. The most noticeable effects are on the cardiovascular system, which displays peripheral vasoconstriction, slowed heart rate, redirection of blood to the vital organs to conserve oxygen, release of red blood cells stored in the spleen, and, in humans, heart rhythm irregularities.[2] Although aquatic animals have evolved profound physiological adaptations to conserve oxygen during submersion, the apnea and its duration, bradycardia, vasoconstriction, and redistribution of cardiac output occur also in terrestrial animals as a neural response, but the effects are more profound in natural divers.[1][3]
^ abcdButler PJ, Jones DR (1997). "Physiology of diving of birds and mammals" (PDF). Physiological Reviews. 77 (3): 837–99. doi:10.1152/physrev.1997.77.3.837. PMID 9234967.
^ abcCite error: The named reference Physiology and Pathophysiology was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abCite error: The named reference Panneton 2013 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Cite error: The named reference pmid2800051 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Noren SR, Kendall T, Cuccurullo V, Williams TM (2012). "The dive response redefined: Underwater behavior influences cardiac variability in freely diving dolphins". Journal of Experimental Biology. 215 (Pt 16): 2735–41. doi:10.1242/jeb.069583. PMID 22837445.
^Cite error: The named reference McCulloch 2012 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Ilardo MA, Moltke I, Korneliussen TS, Cheng J, Stern AJ, Racimo F, de Barros Damgaard P, Sikora M, Seguin-Orlando A (April 2018). "Physiological and Genetic Adaptations to Diving in Sea Nomads". Cell. 173 (3): 569–580.e15. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.03.054. PMID 29677510.
^Cite error: The named reference pmid636078 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^Kinoshita T, Nagata S, Baba R, Kohmoto T, Iwagaki S (June 2006). "Cold-water face immersion per se elicits cardiac parasympathetic activity". Circulation Journal. 70 (6): 773–776. doi:10.1253/circj.70.773. ISSN 1346-9843. PMID 16723802.
The divingreflex, also known as the diving response and mammalian divingreflex, is a set of physiological responses to immersion that overrides the basic...
prevent death. It achieves this through the activation of the mammalian divingreflex, which has three main properties. Other than bradycardia and peripheral...
parasympathetic (due to the divingreflex) coactivation — may be responsible for some cold water immersion deaths. Gasp reflex and uncontrollable tachypnea...
diving. Pediatricians also reported cases of cardiac arrest or respiratory failure. Most human babies demonstrate an innate swimming or divingreflex...
of the startle response is a startle reflex reaction. The startle reflex is a brainstem reflectory reaction (reflex) that serves to protect vulnerable parts...
in other mammals, including humans. Diving birds, such as penguins, have a similar divingreflex. The divingreflex is triggered by chilling the face and...
Sea, four divers were in a diving chamber system on the rig's deck that was connected by a trunk (a short passage) to a diving bell. The divers were Edwin...
in other mammals, including humans. Diving birds, such as penguins, have a similar divingreflex. The divingreflex is triggered specifically by chilling...
Scuba diving is a mode of underwater diving whereby divers use breathing equipment that is completely independent of a surface breathing gas supply, and...
test Cold water immersion (divingreflex) Eyeball pressure (also known as the oculocardiac reflex or Aschner-Dagnini reflex) Other less clinically useful...
Freediving, free-diving, free diving, breath-hold diving, or skin diving, is a mode of underwater diving that relies on breath-holding until resurfacing...
developer team members hail from Sydney's cave-diving fraternity including Allum himself with many years of cave-diving experience.[citation needed] Working in...
Deep diving is underwater diving to a depth beyond the norm accepted by the associated community. In some cases this is a prescribed limit established...
of the dive almost exclusively for the heart and the brain. The divingreflex is an often-used response in animals that routinely need to dive, such as...
assignment at the Naval Coastal System Command, she was designated a Basic Diving Officer. She next reported to the Naval Air Training Command, where she...
Diving bells are usually suspended by a cable, and lifted and lowered by a winch from a surface support platform. Unlike a submersible, the diving bell...
Diving support equipment is the equipment used to facilitate a diving operation. It is either not taken into the water during the dive, such as the gas...
A diving cylinder or diving gas cylinder is a gas cylinder used to store and transport high pressure gas used in diving operations. This may be breathing...
from the Discovery Channel was also to be on hand. A dive team from Cork Sub Aqua Club, diving under licence, discovered 15,000 rounds of the .303 (7...
Cave-diving is underwater diving in water-filled caves. It may be done as an extreme sport, a way of exploring flooded caves for scientific investigation...
divingreflex from newborn until approximately ten months. Other mammals also demonstrate this phenomenon (see mammalian divingreflex). The diving response...
A diving team is a group of people who work together to conduct a diving operation. A characteristic of professional diving is the specification for minimum...
"Atmospheric Diving Suits – New Technology May Provide ADS Systems that are Practical and Cost-Effective Tools for Conducting Safe Scientific Diving, Exploration...
but it might be reasonable to include them as atmospheric diving suits. An atmospheric diving suit may be classified as a manned submersible and a self-propelled...
Global Information