Sensory receptors that detect changes in chemical concentrations
Peripheral chemoreceptors (of the carotid and aortic bodies) are so named because they are sensory extensions of the peripheral nervous system into blood vessels where they detect changes in chemical concentrations.[1] As transducers of patterns of variability in the surrounding environment, carotid and aortic bodies count as chemosensors in a similar way as taste buds and photoreceptors.[2] However, because carotid and aortic bodies detect variation within the body's internal organs, they are considered interoceptors.[3] Taste buds, olfactory bulbs, photoreceptors, and other receptors associated with the five traditional sensory modalities, by contrast, are exteroceptors in that they respond to stimuli outside the body.[3] The body also contains proprioceptors, which respond to the amount of stretch within the organ, usually muscle, that they occupy.[3]
As for their particular function, peripheral chemoreceptors help maintain homeostasis in the cardiorespiratory system by monitoring concentrations of blood borne chemicals.[4] These polymodal sensors respond to variations in a number of blood properties, including low oxygen (hypoxia), high carbon dioxide (hypercapnia), and low glucose (hypoglycemia).[4] Hypoxia and hypercapnia are the most heavily studied and understood conditions detected by the peripheral chemoreceptors. Glucose is discussed in a later section. Afferent nerves carry signals back from the carotid and aortic bodies to the brainstem, which responds accordingly (e.g. increasing ventilation).[3]
^Gonzalez, C; Almaraz, L; Obeso, A; Rigual, R (1994). "Carotid body chemoreceptors: from natural stimuli to sensory discharges". Physiological Reviews. 74 (4). American Physiological Society: 829–898. doi:10.1152/physrev.1994.74.4.829. ISSN 0031-9333. PMID 7938227.
^COGS 211 lecture, K. R. Livingston, September 11, 2013
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