Carbothermic reactions involve the reduction of substances, often metal oxides (O2-), using carbon (C) as the reducing agent. The reduction is usually conducted in the electric arc furnace or reverberatory furnace, depending on the metal ore. These chemical reactions are usually conducted at temperatures of several hundred degrees Celsius. Such processes are applied for production of the elemental forms of many elements. The ability of metals to participate in carbothermic reactions can be predicted from Ellingham diagrams.[1]
Carbothermal reactions produce carbon monoxide (CO) and sometimes carbon dioxide (CO2). The facility of these conversions is attributable to the entropy of reaction: two solids, the metal oxide (and flux) and carbon, are converted to a new solid (metal) and a gas (COx), the latter having high entropy.
^Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. "Figure 8.19 Ellingham diagram for the free energy of formation of metallic oxides" p. 308
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Carbothermicreactions involve the reduction of substances, often metal oxides (O2-), using carbon (C) as the reducing agent. The reduction is usually...
reduce metals by carbon from their metal oxides, such as in the carbothermicreaction of zinc oxide (zincite) to produce zinc metal: ZnO + C ⟶ Zn + CO...
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oxide and carbon at 501 °C. B2O3 + 3 C + 3 Cl2 → 2 BCl3 + 3 CO The carbothermicreaction is analogous to the Kroll process for the conversion of titanium...
rods which heats the mixture to 1700–2500 °C. The result of the carbothermicreaction is a layer of silicon carbide (especially in its alpha and beta...
heating with coal. This conversion entails two parts. First is the carbothermicreaction whereby the coal, a source of carbon, reduces the sulfate to sulfide:...
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+ 6 C → 2 TiCl4 + 2 FeCl3 + 6 CO The process is a variant of a carbothermicreaction, which exploits the reducing power of carbon. Other impurities are...
reaction is hopeite, Zn3(PO4)2·4H2O. ZnO decomposes into zinc vapor and oxygen at around 1975 °C with a standard oxygen pressure. In a carbothermic reaction...
heating with coal. This conversion entails two parts. First is the carbothermicreaction whereby the coal, a source of carbon, reduces the sulfate to sulfide:...
furnace are spreading. More commonly, ferroalloys are produced by carbothermicreactions, involving reduction of oxides with carbon (as coke) in the presence...
carbonate with hydrochloric acid. They are produced commercially by carbothermicreaction of the oxide. To produce the anhydrous forms of these trichlorides...
2 [Ln(H2O)n]Cl3 Anhydrous trichlorides are produced commercially by carbothermicreaction of the oxide: M2O3 + 3 Cl2 + 3 C → 2 MCl3 + 3 CO The ammonium chloride...
larger S2− occupy the sites for Ca2+. Industrially Na2S is produced by carbothermic reduction of sodium sulfate often using coal: Na2SO4 + 2 C → Na2S + 2...
complementarily, each Ca2+ ion surrounded by six S2− ions. CaS is produced by carbothermic reduction of calcium sulfate, which entails the conversion of carbon...
Numata Fumio (November 2002). "Fabrication of Amerieium-based Nitrides by Carbothermic Reduction Method". Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology. 39 (sup3):...
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neutron economy of a reactor. The common technique for generating UN is carbothermic reduction of uranium oxide (UO2) in a 2 step method illustrated below...
of the element, deoxygenation is required. The main method involves carbothermic reduction (i.e., carbon is the deoxygenation agent). 4 Ca5(PO4)3F + 18...
mixture of zinc sulfate and barium sulfide. Barium sulfide is produced by carbothermic reduction of barium sulfate. Zinc sulfate is obtained from a variety...
MnO 2 + N 2O 4 ⇌ Mn(NO 3) 2 In another process, manganese dioxide is carbothermically reduced to manganese(II) oxide which is dissolved in sulfuric acid...
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doi:10.1021/ja01291a05 I.Vishnevetsky and M.Epstein (2015): "Solar carbothermic reduction of alumina, magnesia and boria under vacuum". Solar Energy...
ranges from 15,000 to 30,000 m2/kg. Silica fume is a byproduct in the carbothermic reduction of high-purity quartz with carbonaceous materials like coal...
the same initial step, obtaining TiCl4 from ore by chlorination and carbothermic reduction of the oxygen. The Kroll process is now the most commonly used...