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Sodium carbonate information


Not to be confused with Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), a similar compound.
Sodium carbonate
Skeletal formula of sodium carbonate
Sample of sodium carbonate
Names
IUPAC name
Sodium carbonate
Other names
Soda ash, washing soda, soda crystals, sodium trioxocarbonate
Identifiers
CAS Number
  • 497-19-8 (anhydrous) checkY
  • 5968-11-6 (monohydrate) checkY
  • 6132-02-1 (decahydrate) checkY
3D model (JSmol)
  • Interactive image
ChEBI
  • CHEBI:29377 checkY
ChEMBL
  • ChEMBL186314 checkY
ChemSpider
  • 9916 checkY
ECHA InfoCard 100.007.127 Edit this at Wikidata
EC Number
  • 207-838-8
E number E500(i) (acidity regulators, ...)
PubChem CID
  • 10340
RTECS number
  • VZ4050000
UNII
  • 45P3261C7T checkY
  • 2A1Q1Q3557 (monohydrate) checkY
  • LS505BG22I (decahydrate) checkY
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
  • DTXSID1029621 Edit this at Wikidata
InChI
  • InChI=1S/CH2O3.2Na/c2-1(3)4;;/h(H2,2,3,4);;/q;2*+1/p-2 checkY
    Key: CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L checkY
  • InChI=1/NaHCO3.2Na/c2-1(3)4;;/h(H2,2,3,4);;/q;2*+1/p-2
    Key: CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-NUQVWONBAP
SMILES
  • [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O
Properties
Chemical formula
 Na2CO3
Molar mass 105.9888 g/mol (anhydrous)
286.1416 g/mol (decahydrate)
Appearance White solid, hygroscopic
Odor Odorless
Density
  • 2.54 g/cm3 (25 °C, anhydrous)
  • 1.92 g/cm3 (856 °C)
  • 2.25 g/cm3 (monohydrate)[1]
  • 1.51 g/cm3 (heptahydrate)
  • 1.46 g/cm3 (decahydrate)[2]
Melting point 851 °C (1,564 °F; 1,124 K) (Anhydrous)
100 °C (212 °F; 373 K)
decomposes (monohydrate)
33.5 °C (92.3 °F; 306.6 K)
decomposes (heptahydrate)
34 °C (93 °F; 307 K)
(decahydrate)[2][6]
Solubility in water
 Anhydrous, g/100 mL:
  • 7 (0 °C)
  • 16.4 (15 °C)
  • 34.07 (27.8 °C)
  • 48.69 (34.8 °C)
  • 48.1 (41.9 °C)
  • 45.62 (60 °C)
  • 43.6 (100 °C)[3]
Solubility Soluble in aq. alkalis,[3] glycerol
Slightly soluble in aq. alcohol
Insoluble in CS2, acetone, alkyl acetates, alcohol, benzonitrile, liquid ammonia[4]
Solubility in glycerine 98.3 g/100 g (155 °C)[4]
Solubility in ethanediol 3.46 g/100 g (20 °C)[5]
Solubility in dimethylformamide 0.5 g/kg[5]
Acidity (pKa) 10.33
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)
 −4.1·10−5 cm3/mol[2]
Refractive index (nD)
 1.485 (anhydrous)
1.420 (monohydrate)[6]
1.405 (decahydrate)
Viscosity 3.4 cP (887 °C)[5]
Structure
Crystal structure
 Monoclinic (γ-form, β-form, δ-form, anhydrous)[7]
Orthorhombic (monohydrate, heptahydrate)[1][8]
Space group
 C2/m, No. 12 (γ-form, anhydrous, 170 K)
C2/m, No. 12 (β-form, anhydrous, 628 K)
P21/n, No. 14 (δ-form, anhydrous, 110 K)[7]
Pca21, No. 29 (monohydrate)[1]
Pbca, No. 61 (heptahydrate)[8]
Point group
 2/m (γ-form, β-form, δ-form, anhydrous)[7]
mm2 (monohydrate)[1]
2/m 2/m 2/m (heptahydrate)[8]
Lattice constant
a = 8.920(7) Å, b = 5.245(5) Å, c = 6.050(5) Å (γ-form, anhydrous, 295 K)[7]
α = 90°, β = 101.35(8)°, γ = 90°
Coordination geometry
 Octahedral (Na+, anhydrous)
Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C)
 112.3 J/mol·K[2]
Std molar
entropy (S⦵298)
 135 J/mol·K[2]
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298)
 −1130.7 kJ/mol[2][5]
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG⦵)
 −1044.4 kJ/mol[2]
Hazards
Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH):
Main hazards
 Irritant
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
 GHS07: Exclamation mark[9]
Signal word
 Warning
Hazard statements
 H319[9]
Precautionary statements
 P305+P351+P338[9]
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
[11]
NFPA 704 four-colored diamondHealth 2: Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury. E.g. chloroformFlammability 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterInstability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
2
0
0
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)
 4090 mg/kg (rat, oral)[10]
Safety data sheet (SDS) MSDS
Related compounds
Other anions
 Sodium bicarbonate
Other cations
 Lithium carbonate
Potassium carbonate
Rubidium carbonate
Cesium carbonate
Related compounds
 Sodium sesquicarbonate
Sodium percarbonate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda, soda ash and soda crystals) is the inorganic compound with the formula Na2CO3 and its various hydrates. All forms are white, odourless, water-soluble salts that yield alkaline solutions in water. Historically, it was extracted from the ashes of plants grown in sodium-rich soils, and because the ashes of these sodium-rich plants were noticeably different from ashes of wood (once used to produce potash), sodium carbonate became known as "soda ash".[12] It is produced in large quantities from sodium chloride and limestone by the Solvay process, as well as by carbonating sodium hydroxide which is made using the Chlor-alkali process.

  1. ^ a b c d Harper, J. P. (1936). Antipov, Evgeny; Bismayer, Ulrich; Huppertz, Hubert; Petrícek, Václav; Pöttgen, Rainer; Schmahl, Wolfgang; Tiekink, E. R. T.; Zou, Xiaodong (eds.). "Crystal Structure of Sodium Carbonate Monohydrate, Na2CO3. H2O". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials. 95 (1): 266–273. doi:10.1524/zkri.1936.95.1.266. ISSN 2196-7105. Retrieved 2014-07-25.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Lide, David R., ed. (2009). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (90th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-9084-0.
  3. ^ a b Seidell, Atherton; Linke, William F. (1919). Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds (2nd ed.). New York: D. Van Nostrand Company. p. 633.
  4. ^ a b Comey, Arthur Messinger; Hahn, Dorothy A. (February 1921). A Dictionary of Chemical Solubilities: Inorganic (2nd ed.). New York: The MacMillan Company. pp. 208–209.
  5. ^ a b c d Anatolievich, Kiper Ruslan. "sodium carbonate". chemister.ru. Retrieved 2014-07-25.
  6. ^ a b Pradyot, Patnaik (2003). Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill. p. 861. ISBN 978-0-07-049439-8.
  7. ^ a b c d Dusek, Michal; Chapuis, Gervais; Meyer, Mathias; Petricek, Vaclav (2003). "Sodium carbonate revisited" (PDF). Acta Crystallographica Section B. 59 (3): 337–352. Bibcode:2003AcCrB..59..337D. doi:10.1107/S0108768103009017. ISSN 0108-7681. PMID 12761404. Retrieved 2014-07-25.
  8. ^ a b c Betzel, C.; Saenger, W.; Loewus, D. (1982). "Sodium Carbonate Heptahydrate". Acta Crystallographica Section B. 38 (11): 2802–2804. Bibcode:1982AcCrB..38.2802B. doi:10.1107/S0567740882009996.
  9. ^ a b c Sigma-Aldrich Co., Sodium carbonate. Retrieved on 2014-05-06.
  10. ^ Chambers, Michael. "ChemIDplus - 497-19-8 - CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L - Sodium carbonate [NF] - Similar structures search, synonyms, formulas, resource links, and other chemical information".
  11. ^ "Material Safety Data Sheet – Sodium Carbonate, Anhydrous" (PDF). conservationsupportsystems.com. ConservationSupportSystems. Retrieved 2014-07-25.
  12. ^ "Soda Ash Statistics and Information". United States Geographical Survey. Retrieved 2024-03-03.

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Sodium carbonate

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Sodium carbonate (also known as washing soda, soda ash and soda crystals) is the inorganic compound with the formula Na2CO3 and its various hydrates. All...

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Sodium bicarbonate

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a slightly salty, alkaline taste resembling that of washing soda (sodium carbonate). The natural mineral form is nahcolite. It is a component of the mineral...

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Sodium percarbonate

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Sodium percarbonate, or sodium carbonate peroxide is a chemical substance with formula Na 2H 3CO 6. It is an adduct of sodium carbonate ("soda ash" or...

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Carbonate

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a calcium-magnesium carbonate CaMg(CO3)2; and siderite, or iron(II) carbonate, FeCO3, an important iron ore. Sodium carbonate ("soda" or "natron"),...

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Sodium hydroxide

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mass-producing sodium carbonate, natural "soda ash" (impure sodium carbonate that was obtained from the ashes of plants that are rich in sodium): p36  was...

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Lithium carbonate

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an unusually low sodium diet, or certain drugs. Lithium carbonate is used to impart a red color to fireworks. Unlike sodium carbonate, which forms at least...

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Alkali soil

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hardness in the water and also converts sodium bicarbonates in river water into sodium carbonate. Sodium carbonates (washing soda) further reacts with the...

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Leblanc process

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sodium sulfate from sodium chloride, followed by reacting the sodium sulfate with coal and calcium carbonate to make sodium carbonate. The process gradually...

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Soda inermis

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predominantly sodium carbonate. In 1807, Sir Humphry Davy isolated a metallic element from caustic soda; he named the new element "sodium" to indicate...

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Solvay process

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ammonia–soda process is the major industrial process for the production of sodium carbonate (soda ash, Na2CO3). The ammonia–soda process was developed into its...

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Sodium sesquicarbonate

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Sodium sesquicarbonate (systematic name: trisodium hydrogendicarbonate) Na3H(CO3)2 is a double salt of sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate (NaHCO3...

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Sodium sulfate

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route to sodium carbonate. Sodium sulfate reacts with sulfuric acid to give the acid salt sodium bisulfate: Na2SO4 + H2SO4 ⇌ 2 NaHSO4 Sodium sulfate displays...

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Natron

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naturally occurring mixture of sodium carbonate decahydrate (Na2CO3·10H2O, a kind of soda ash) and around 17% sodium bicarbonate (also called baking...

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Sodium silicate

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x·SiO 2 + x H 2O Sodium silicates can also be obtained by dissolving silica SiO 2 (whose melting point is 1713 °C) in molten sodium carbonate (that melts with...

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Barium carbonate

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important barium compounds. Barium carbonate is made commercially from barium sulfide by treatment with sodium carbonate at 60 to 70 °C (soda ash method)...

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Sodium oxide

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such glasses are not made from sodium oxide, but the equivalent of Na2O is added in the form of "soda" (sodium carbonate), which loses carbon dioxide at...

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Sodium nitrate

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Heritage sites in 2005. Sodium nitrate is also synthesized industrially by neutralizing nitric acid with sodium carbonate or sodium bicarbonate: 2 HNO3 +...

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Magnesium carbonate

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prepared in China. Magnesium carbonate can be prepared in laboratory by reaction between any soluble magnesium salt and sodium bicarbonate: MgCl2(aq) + 2 NaHCO3(aq) →...

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Qualitative inorganic analysis

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elements using a very small amount of sample. The sodium carbonate test (not to be confused with sodium carbonate extract test) is used to distinguish between...

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Sodium acetate

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produce sodium acetate and water. When a sodium and carbonate ion-containing compound is used as the reactant, the carbonate anion from sodium bicarbonate...

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Alkaline noodles

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wells. More commonly a mixture of 20% sodium carbonate, which is also an anti-caking agent, and 80% potassium carbonate in water is added directly. This mixture...

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Soda

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compounds containing sodium Sodium carbonate, washing soda or soda ash Sodium bicarbonate, baking soda Sodium hydroxide, caustic soda Sodium oxide, an alkali...

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Sodium

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hydrated sodium carbonate. Natron historically had several important industrial and household uses, later eclipsed by other sodium compounds. Sodium imparts...

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Sodium chloride

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Solvay process to produce sodium carbonate and calcium chloride. Sodium carbonate, in turn, is used to produce glass, sodium bicarbonate, and dyes, as...

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Tallow

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from tallow. Sodium tallowate, for example, is obtained by reacting tallow with sodium hydroxide (lye, caustic soda) or sodium carbonate (washing soda)...

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Bronze disease

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Ammonium carbonate

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Ammonium carbonate is a salt with the chemical formula (NH4)2CO3. Since it readily degrades to gaseous ammonia and carbon dioxide upon heating, it is...

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Aluminium carbonate

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known, such as the basic sodium aluminium carbonate mineral dawsonite (NaAlCO3(OH)2) and hydrated basic aluminium carbonate minerals scarbroite (Al5(CO3)(OH)13•5(H2O))...

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Basic copper carbonate

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high pressures. Basic copper carbonate is prepared by combining aqueous solutions of copper(II) sulfate and sodium carbonate at ambient temperature and...

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