211 to 212 °C (412 to 414 °F; 484 to 485 K) (decomposition)[2]
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references
Chemical compound
Canthaxanthin/ˌkænθəˈzænθɪn/ⓘ is a keto-carotenoid[3] pigment widely distributed in nature. Carotenoids belong to a larger class of phytochemicals known as terpenoids. The chemical formula of canthaxanthin is C40H52O2.[4] It was first isolated in edible mushrooms. It has also been found in green algae, bacteria, crustaceans, and bioaccumulates in fish such as carp, golden grey mullet, seabream and trush wrasse.[4]
Canthaxanthin is associated with E number E161g and is approved for use as a food coloring agent in different countries, including the United States[5] and the EU;[6] however, it is not approved for use in Australia and New Zealand.[7] It is generally authorized for feed applications in at least the following countries: US,[8] Canada,[9] EU.[10] In the EU, canthaxanthin is allowed by law to be added to trout feed, salmon feed and poultry feed.[11] The European Union limit is 80 mg/kg of feedstuffs,[4] 8 mg/kg in feed for egg laying hens and 25 mg/kg in feed for other poultry and salmonids.
Canthaxanthin is a potent lipid-soluble antioxidant.[12][13] The biological functions of canthaxanthin are related, at least in part, to its ability to function as an antioxidant (free radical scavenging/vitamin E sparing) in animal tissues.[14]
^Merck Index, 11th Edition, 1756.
^Petracek, F. J.; Zechmeister, L. (1956). "Reaction of beta-carotene with N-bromosuccinimide: the formation and conversions of some polyene ketones". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 78 (7): 1427–1434. doi:10.1021/ja01588a044.
^Efficient Syntheses of the Keto-carotenoids Canthaxanthin, Astaxanthin, and Astacene. Seyoung Choi and Sangho Koo, J. Org. Chem., 2005, 70 (8), pages 3328–3331, doi:10.1021/jo050101l
^ abcOpinion on the use of canthaxanthin in feedingstuffs for salmon ...
^"Colour Additive Status List". Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
^"Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers". Food Standards Agency. 14 March 2012. Retrieved Dec 19, 2012.
^"Standard 1.2.4 - Labelling of ingredients". Australia New Zealand Food Standards Code. Retrieved 2011-10-27.
^"Code of Federal Regulations Title 21, 1 April 2012". Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 2013-06-21.
^"Feeds Regulations, 1983 (SOR/83-593)". Justice Laws, Canada. Archived from the original on 2013-06-28. Retrieved 2013-06-21.
^"European Union Register of Feed Additives, Revision 162 released 7 June 2013" (PDF). European Commission. Retrieved 2013-06-21.
^Food Standards Agency UK (12 April 2010). "Canthaxanthin - your questions answered". Archived from the original on 23 March 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2012.
^Surai, P.F. (2012). "The Antioxidant Properties of Canthaxanthin and Its Potential Effects in the Poultry Eggs and on Embryonic Development of the Chick, Part 1". World's Poultry Science Journal. 68 (3): 465–476. doi:10.1017/S0043933912000578. S2CID 92297763.
^Surai, P.F. (2012). "The Antioxidant Properties of Canthaxanthin and Its Potential Effects in the Poultry Eggs and on Embryonic Development of the Chick, Part 2". World's Poultry Science Journal. 68 (4): 717–726. doi:10.1017/S0043933912000840. S2CID 86113041.
^Surai, A.P.; Surai, P.F.; Steinberg, W.; Wakeman, W.G.; Speake, B.K.; Sparks, N.H.C. (2003). "Effect of canthaxanthin content of the maternal diet on the antioxidant system of the developing chick". British Poultry Science. 44 (4): 612–619. doi:10.1080/00071660310001616200. PMID 14584852. S2CID 42795189.
Canthaxanthin /ˌkænθəˈzænθɪn/ is a keto-carotenoid pigment widely distributed in nature. Carotenoids belong to a larger class of phytochemicals known...
orange hue obtained with canthaxanthin. The development of processing and storage operations, which can be detrimental on canthaxanthin flesh concentration...
compounds known as terpenes. Astaxanthin is a metabolite of zeaxanthin and canthaxanthin, containing both hydroxyl and ketone functional groups. It is a lipid-soluble...
spoonbill's pink color is diet-derived, consisting of the carotenoid pigment canthaxanthin, like the American flamingo. The roseate spoonbill is sometimes placed...
who smoke. Canthaxanthin is most commonly used as a color additive in certain foods. Although the FDA has approved the use of canthaxanthin in food, it...
measures, with a genetic defect in carotenoid metabolic enzymes proposed. Canthaxanthin and astaxanthin are naturally occurring carotenoids that are used in...
needed] Farm-raised salmon are fed the carotenoids astaxanthin and canthaxanthin to match their flesh colour to wild salmon to improve their marketability...
contains no red blood cells; the red color is from the presence of canthaxanthin. After the first few weeks, the color fades gradually; flamingos can...
structures of carotenoid pigments, including astaxanthin, rubixanthin and canthaxanthin. Weedon was born in Wimbledon, his father was a dentist and his mother...
chanterelles. Its distinctive red color is imparted by the carotenoid canthaxanthin. It is considered edible and good, fruiting in association with hardwood...
Orange-red E161e Violaxanthin Orange E161f Rhodoxanthin Purple E161g Canthaxanthin Violet Not approved in the EU. Approved in the US. E161h Zeaxanthin...
Emam-Djomeh Z, Mousavi SM, Hejazi MA (2007). "Effect of culture conditions on canthaxanthin production by Dietzia natronolimnaea HS-1". J Microbiol Biotechnol....
carotenoids, such as beta-carotene in C. cibarius and C. minor, and canthaxanthin in C. cinnabarinus and C. friesii. They also contain significant amounts...
due to the presence of carotenoids; males possess the red carotenoid canthaxanthin and the yellow carotenoids canary xanthophyll A and B, all of which...
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